Skema Answer Manufacturing Proces 2

FACULTI OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA PAHANG BMM3643 (Sem II 2012/13) Assignment #2 1. a) Define the various regimes of cold working,warm working,and hot working in terms of the melting point of the material being formed. b) Indicate some of the advantages of cold working relative to warm and hot working. c) What are some of the negative aspects of hot working? (8 marks) Answer a) The temperatures required for hot working generally exceed 0. 6 times the melting point of the material on an absolute temperature scale.Cold working generally requires temperatures below 0. 3 times the melting point, and warm working is the transition region, between 0. 3 and 0. 6 times the melting point. b) Advantages of cold working are; i) better accuracy, ii) better surface finish, iii) increased strength due to work hardening, iv) possible directional properties due to grain flow, and v) no heating of work required. c) Disadvantages associated with hot working involve the reactions whi ch may be promoted by elevated temperature, such as rapid oxidation.Tolerances are poorer and the metallurgical structure will be nonuniform if the amount of deformation or thermal history varies throughout the product. 2. a) What is the difference between open-die and impression-die forging? b) Explain the reasons why the flash assists in die filling, especially in hot forging. c) Why are heated dies generally employed in hot-press forging operations? (8 marks) Answer a) Open-die forging does not confine the flow of metal in all directions, so the final shape is dependent upon the manipulation and skill of the equipment operator.Impression-die forging operations confine metal flow in all directions to provide good repeatable control of size and shape. b) The flash is excess metal which is squeezed out from the die cavity into the outer space between the two dies. The flash cools faster than the material in the cavity due to the high a/h ratio and the more intimate contact with the relatively cool dies. Consequently, the flash has higher strength than the hotter workpiece in the die cavity and, with higher frictional resistance in the flash gap, provides greater resistance to material flow outward through the flash gap.Thus, the flash encourages filling of complex die cavities. c) Heated dies are usually employed in press forging because the long time of die contact with the hot workpiece would otherwise permit considerable surface cooling and could produce cracking of the surface. 3. d) List some of the products produced on a rolling mill. e) In rolling of steel, what are the differences between a bloom, a slab, and a billet? f) Rolling may be described as a continuous forging operation. Is this description appropriate? Explain. (8 marks) Answer ) Rolled products include flat sheet and plate stock, round bar and rod stock, rails, structural shapes such as Ibeams and channels. b) A bloom is a rolled steel workpiece with a square cross section of about 150 mm b y 150 mm. The starting work unit for a bloom is an ingot heated in a soaking pit. A slab is rolled from an ingot or a bloom and has a rectangular cross section of about 250 mm by 40 mm. A billet is rolled from a bloom and has a square cross section of about 40 mm by 40 mm. c) This is a good analogy. Consider the situation of forging a block to a thinner cross section through ncrements (as in incremental forming). As the number of stages increases, the operation eventually approaches that of the strip profile in rolling. 4. g) Distinguish between direct and indirect extrusion. h) What is centerburst defect? How would you go about preventing centerburst defects in extrusion? i) What are some of the attractive features of the extrusion process? (8 marks) Answer a) In direct extrusion, also known as forward extrusion, a metal billet is loaded into a container, and a ram compresses the material, forcing it to flow through a die opening at the opposite end of the container.In indirect ext rusion, also known as backward extrusion, the die is incorporated into the ram, and as the ram compresses into the metal billet, the metal is forced to flow through the die opening in a direction that is opposite (backwards) of the ram motion. b) Centerburst defects are attributed to a state of hydrostatic tensile stress at the centerline of the deformation zone in the die. The two major variables affecting hydrostatic tension are the die angle and extrusion ratio.These defects can be reduced or eliminated by lowering the die angle, because this increases the contact length for the same reduction and thereby increases the deformation zone. Similarly, a higher extrusion ratio also increases the size and depth of the deformation zone, and thus will reduce oreliminate the formation of these cracks. c) The extrusion process offers a number of attractive features. Almost any crosssectional shape can be extruded, including many that could not be achieved by rolling. Size limitations are f ew. No draft is required, and the amount of reduction in a single step is limited only by the capacity of the quipment. Frequently only one die is required for a product. Because only a single die change is required to change products, small production quantities are economically feasible. Dimensional tolerances are quite good. 5. j) What is wire drawing and bar drawing? k) Why are multiple passes usually required in wire-drawing operations? l) Name the important process variables in drawing, and explain how they affect the drawing process. (8 marks) Answer a) Wire and bar drawing are bulk deformation processes in which the cross section of a wire or bar is reduced by pulling (drawing) it through a die opening. ) Because the reduced section of material is subjected to tensile loading in the wire drawing process, the possible reduction is limited by the onset of fracture. In order to affect any significant change in size, multiple draws are usually required. c) The important variable s include: * Yield stress, Y ; it directly affects the draw stress and die life. * Die angle, ?. The die angle in the deformation zone affects the redundant work; in the entry area, the die angle is important for encouraging lubricant entrainment. * Friction coefficient, ?. The friction coefficient affects the frictional component of work and, hence, the draw stress. Reduction in area. As described, there is a limit to the reduction in area that canbe achieved in drawing. * Lubrication condition. Effective lubrication reduces friction, but also may lead to a rough surface due to the orange peel effect. 6. m) Estimate the roll force and power for annealed low-carbon steel strip 200 mm wide and 10 mm thick, rolled to a thickness of 6 mm. The roll radius is 200 mm, and the roll rotates at 200 rpm. Let ? = 0. 1. n) Plot the force vs. reduction in height curve in open-die forging of a solid cylindrical, annealed copper specimen 2 in. high and 1 in. n diameter, up to a reduction of 70%, f or the cases of (a) no friction between the flat dies and the specimen, (b) ? = 0. 25, and (c) ? = 0. 5. Ignore barreling and use average-pressure formulas. (Given : For annealed copper we have K = 315 MPa = 46,000 psi and n = 0. 54) Answer a) The roll force can be estimated as below; L=R? h=2004=28. 3 and have=10+62=8 mm From Table 2. 3 on p. 37, K = 530 MPa and n = 0. 26. The strain is ? =ln106=0. 5108 The average yield stress can be obtained from Eq. (2. 60) on p. 71 as Y=K? n+1n+1=530(0. 5108)1. 261. 26=180 MPa and Y'=(1. 15)Y=180 MPa Therefore, F=L?Y'1+? L2have =0. 02830. 2(207)1+0. 1(28. 3)2(8) =1. 38 MN The power per roll is given by; P = ? FLN60,000=? (1. 38 ? 106)(0. 0283)(200)60,000 or P = 409 kW. b) For annealed copper we have K = 315 MPa = 46,000 psi and n = 0. 54. The flow stress is Yf=(315 MPa)? 0. 54 where the absolute value of the strain is ?=lnhoh From volume constancy, we have ?4r2ho=? 4r2h or r=ro2hoh Note that = 0. 5 in and ho = 2 in. The forging force is given a s: F=Yf1+2? r3h(? r2) Some of the points on the curves are the following: % Red. | Forging Force, MN| | ? = 0| ? = 0. 25| ? = 0. 5| 10| 0. 053| 0. 055| 0. 058|

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) essays

Lysergic Acid Diethylamide (LSD) essays While drugs have existed for many years LSD is one of the most well known used drugs in the world today. LSDs technical term is lysergic acid diethylamide and it falls into the group of drugs known as hallucinogens or psychedelics. These groups of drugs may cause harm to a persons central nervous system. LSD is found in ergot, a fungus that grows on rye, wheat, and other grains. The first individual to discover this drug was a man by the name of Dr. Albert Hofmann, a Swiss chemist working for Sandoz Pharmaceutical, a chemical company. In 1938 he was working in his lab trying to find new medications to relieve headache pain. Dr. Hofmann was working with the ergot fungus and he made a new chemical which he called LSD. While he was working with his new creation he accidentally ingested a small amount of the drug and he began to experience the effects of this drug. In a report subsequently filed with Author Stoll, his immediate superior, Hofmann described his hallucination as an uni nterrupted stream of fantastic images of extraordinary plasticity and vividness and accompanied by an intense kaleidoscope play of colors (Steven 4). Dr. Albert Hofmann was the first chemist to come across this drug, in the medieval times many communities baked bread and sometime the flour the used would be contaminated with ergot fungus. The people would eat the bread and begin to trip but during those times they werent aware of the drug and it effects. Today LSD is given in very small portions about 20 to 80 micrograms per dose, this would be enough for someone to have a long trip. During the 1960s a dose ranged from 100 to 200 micrograms (Nida 1). A dose of LSD can usually last up to 8 to 12 hours. If the dose is strong it can last for days or weeks which can cause a person to go insane. The symptoms of LSD are usually hallucinations which includes seeing, hearing and feeling things that are not real. LSD was u...

17 Must-Read Romance Novels for Aspiring Authors

17 Must-Read Romance Novels for Aspiring Authors Its a tale as old as time- Two lovers meet and sparks fly. They face seemingly insurmountable odds, yet find a way to be together despite them. Outside forces seek to tear them apart but they find a way to live happily ever after.From Jane Austen to modern retellings of Jane Austen, the romance genre has encountered many changes but the formula of the story- in many cases- remains the same. With this in mind, weve compiled a list of 17 must-read romance novels, both newly published in 2019 and works of the classic romance canon, for aspiring authors of the genre.Aspiring authors in the romance genre should read the classics, along with newly-published novels to see what publishers are accepting. Photo by photo-nic.co.uk nic on UnsplashNewly PublishedAmerican Dreamer by Adriana Herrera (March 26, 2019)American Dreamer tells of the unlikely romance between two men from different worlds. Nesto Vasquez is a workaholic Dominican American who decides to move Afro-Caribbean food truck from New York City to upstate New York- a move that forces him to return to a day job he hates. Jude Fuller is a quiet librarian who enjoys the safe life he has built on the shores of Cayuga Lake, but knows a loneliness that even his amazing friends cant completely cure. That, in addition to being ostracized by his family after coming out make it hard for him to let down his guard. When he tries Ithacas most-talked-about new lunch spot, he meets Nesto. Can the two find the happily ever after theyve both dreamt of, but never found before?The Overdue Life of Amy Byler by Kelly Harms (May 1, 2019)The Overdue Life of Amy Byler begins with a predictable scenario thats far too common in real life (and in chick lit). Having been abandoned by her husband, who left her for a younger woman and moved far away, the overworked, stressed out single mother of two teenagers gets a needed break from the same man who broke her heart- the chance to reinvent herself and spend some quality time alone in New York City.With shopping sprees followed by nights out on the town with friends and a few blind dates, Amy meets a man who melts her heart. However, she knows she must return to her former life in rural Pennsylvania, and to her kids who she loves dearly, leaving her newly discovered self behind in the city. Or does she?One reviewer writes:Amys journey was poignant, touching, and at times, hilarious! †¦There is a seriousness to this book, too, as Amy struggles with guilt and angst over her kids, and somehow trying to do the right thing for everyone, at the same time realizing how much she likes this new Amy that she discovers in NYC. As a certified bookworm, I loved that a lot of the book was devoted to books; the love of books, and getting kids to love books, and I loved that they used the word unputdownable to describe a book, because thats exactly what this book was- unputdownable!Susan Peterson, Amazon reviewerFor any woman who has tried to put the pieces back together after feeling the sting of lost love and abandonment, Amys story is the exact type of book that makes for an excellent escape from the ordinary- for the protagonist and reader alike.Pride, Prejudice, and Other Flavors by Sonali Dev (May 7, 2019)A theme that seems to be running through many of 2019s newly published romance novels is diversity, and Pride, Prejudice, and Other Flavors manages it beautifully. Written by award-winning author Sonali Dev, this novel begins the story of the Rajes, an immigrant Indian family- once descended from royalty, but now building their lives as Americans in San Francisco.The protagonist is Dr. Trisha Raje, an acclaimed neurosurgeon, who also happens to be the black sheep of her influential immigrant family. Shes always been taught to never trust an outsider, never do anything to jeopardize her brothers political aspirations, and to never, EVER defy her family- rules that shes broken before.Enter chef DJ Caine, a man who has known judgement from the upper c lass and whose pedigree is far from prestigious. Its a clash of cultures and classes, but something in DJs desserts make Trisha forget about those insignificant hurdles.This story is a gender-swapping, intercultural retelling that will impress any aspiring author seeking ways to retell old love stories with a modern spin. After all, if love doesnt break boundaries and pull the carpet from beneath stubborn tradition, what good is it?The Bride Test by Helen Hoang (May 7, 2019)True love knows no boundaries and Helen Hoang, USA Today bestselling author of The Kiss Quotient, knows how to tell a story to prove that point. The Bride Test is about love that crosses international borders and obstacles of disability, showing that there is always someone out there thats perfect for you, even when you see imperfections in yourself.The Bride Test is the story of Khai Diep, who feels defective because he has Autism, and avoids relationships for that exact reason. When he meets a mixed-race girl l iving in the slums of Ho Chi Minh City, he realizes that there is someone else who feels out of place in a world that seems to work against her. Her name is Esme Tran and she hopes to seduce Khai in order to move to the United States and be his bride- a challenge she isnt quite prepared for, as she learns what it means to love someone who processes emotion differently.For anyone who considers themselves to be broken and unlovable, this endearing story will reassure you of how love with the right person will make you a better version of yourself.Rebel (Women Who Dare) by Beverly Jenkins (May 28, 2019)If youre a fan of historical romance, be sure to read Beverly Jenkins new novel portrayal of the turbulent and violent atmosphere of Reconstruction-era New Orleans. Jenkins has been nominated for the NAACP Image Award in Literature and has been playing a significant role in bringing a multicultural cast of characters to a genre that hasnt always showed such diversity.Rebel is the first n ovel in the Women Who Dare series and it follows the life of a Northern woman, Valinda Lacy, living in the South in the aftermath of the Civil War. As Valinda works to help build her newly emancipated community, she becomes the target for thugs set on refusing to allow change.Enter Captain Drake LeVeq, an architect from an old New Orleans family who was raised by strong women. Their passion makes an already heated city burn hotter and begins a series sure to appeal to readers of the subgenre.Prince of Killers: A Fog City Novel by Layla Reyne (June 10, 2019)As book one in a new romantic suspense series written by Layla Reyne, Prince of Killers tells the story of Hawes Madigan, the soon-to-be king of an organization of assassins that goes by three rules: No indiscriminate killing, no collateral damage, and no unvetted targets.When the devilishly handsome, confident private investigator Dante Perry enters his life with the news that someone within his own organization is out to kill hi m, chaos ensues. Hawes falls for Dante hard and depends on him for protection, but hes also harboring a secret that could get him killed for telling. Its romantic intrigue full of sweetness and passion, against a backdrop of betrayal that you wont see coming.Fix Her Up: A Novel by Tessa Bailey (June 11, 2019)What happens when the town clown decides its time to focus on herself and her life and finally get a date? Fix Her Up happens, and itss for anyone who has ever been treated like the kid sister of far too many potential lovers.Its the story of Georgette (Georgie) Castle, whose family runs the most well-respected home renovation business in town, but shes just not interested in continuing the family tradition. Shed rather make people laugh but she knows that if shes going to ever have a decent love life, she needs to do some self-renovation of her own.Enter the towns favorite sports star and tabloid favorite, Travis Ford, an ex-major league baseball rookie who now flips houses for a living due to an injury that ended his sports career. Georgie is his best friends sister who tells him she wants to pretend to date, to shock her family, and help him land a new job. What could possibly go wrong?This romantic comedy is full of hilarity, steamy passion, and a blueprint for aspiring rom-com authors who want just the right mix of love and laughter.One reviewer writes:This book had it all - definitely the sizzling romance between Georgie and Travis, but also a sense of finding and believing in yourself, messy family dynamics and a great girls club to bond over. Thank you, Tessa Bailey for writing an amazing book and for giving me a new author to binge read.Readaholic19, Amazon reviewerThe Friend Zone by Abby Jimenez (June 11, 2019)Lauded as one of the Good Housekeeping Best New Books for Summer 2019 The Friend Zone is as hilarious as it is a tear jerker, and a story that discusses the realities of infertility with a lot of heart.Kristen Peterson will undergo a medica lly necessary procedure that will make it impossible for her to have children. When she meets Josh Copeland, the best man at her best friends wedding, she knows shes met her perfect match- a man who doesnt get offended at her sarcasm and who even her dog seems to adore. However, theres one catch. Josh wants a family- a large one in fact- and its the one thing Kristen cant give him.This debut novel from Food Network champion Abby Jimenez deftly explores the realities of infertility and takes readers on a heartfelt journey into the laughter and tears surrounding the topic. For aspiring writers who want to tackle difficult topics with a fresh, modern perspective, its a great example to follow.One reviewer writes, Abby Jimenez has mad writing chops for reducing me into an utter pile of useless feels rooting for each and every character. I loved every single moment Kristen and Josh were in the pages.The Ladys Guide to Celestial Mechanics: Feminine Pursuits (July 23, 2019)Regency romance has its own decisive place within the romance canon, but The Ladys Guide to Celestial Mechanics shows a side thats rarely observed although desperately needed in an attempt to revive a popular, yet stifled, subgenre. One Amazon reviewer writes, This was poetic and lovely, full of beautiful descriptions that knew exactly how to leave you breathless and then stop just before tipping into tedious. That it also was about two women who loved each other and strived to make a place for themselves in male-centric Regency England made it all the better.The love story follows the lives of the widowed Catherine St Day, Countess of Moth, and Lucy Muchelney, a translator looking for a fresh start after suffering through her ex-lovers sham of a wedding. In the process of translating a groundbreaking French astronomy text, written by the Countess late husband, Lucy finds a challenge in the work, as well as attempting to avoid the allure of her employer. Its a tale of star-crossed lovers that is as old as the trope itself, and sure to inspire any aspiring romance novelist who doesnt care to stay within confined boundaries.A tale of star-crossed lovers is a romance trope that still stands the test of time. Photo by Allef Vinicius on Unsplash.The ClassicsRomeo and Juliet by William ShakespeareNo true romance list would be complete without the epitome of a star-crossed love affair in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet.This classic tale of love is set in the middle of violence and generational conflict, as two young people fall in love despite their parents status as sworn enemies. The Montagues and the Capulets maintain a blood feud while their children, Juliet and Romeo, attempt to leave the bloodshed behind and bask in the love they have found in each other. Their plan almost works, but fate has another plan.In a time when most romance requires a feel-good ending, Romeo and Juliet remains the perfect tragic love story and should be read by anyone hoping to publish a bestsel ling romance novel. Its still the standard by which all great love stories are set and alluded to often in modern-day storytelling because of its solid place in the genre.Gone with the Wind by Margaret MitchellAs a Pulitzer Prize winner and nominated as one of Americas best-loved novels by PBSs The Great American Read, Gone with the Wind is an epic love story that follows the lives of Scarlett OHara and Rhett Butler- two of the most famous lovers ever imagined since Romeo and Juliet. With haunting scenes from the Civil War and Reconstruction era, Gone with the Wind is a timeless story of survival and family drama caught in the whirlwind of a war that would forever change them and the landscape they call home.Wuthering Heights by Emily BronteIf you like your romance on the dark side, Wuthering Heights might just be the classic for you. It is the story of the tragic love between Catherine Earnshaw and Heathcliff, an orphan adopted by Catherines father. When Heathcliff wrongly assumes that Catherine doesnt return his love, he leaves their home doesnt return until years later. By this time, Catherine has married the wealthy Edgar Linton, and Heathcliff has married Edgars sister to inherit her money.As you can imagine, the story doesnt end well. Its a story of unrequited love and the tragedy that ensues when two lovers who are destined to be together cannot do so.Pride and Prejudice by Jane AustenSet in rural England in the early 19th century, Pride and Prejudice is a classic story about the differences between marrying for love and marrying for money. While her sisters are quite content to be wed to a man with means, Elizabeth Bennet, the headstrong one, insists on marrying for love instead.Written as a novel of manners, Pride and Prejudice is among the most well-known in the regency romance subgenre, as well as one of the most-read books in the English canon, having sold over 20 million copies. Beyond its significance as a classic, it contains enough comedy, iron y, and endearing characters to keep any romance enthusiast turning pages.The Thorn Birds by Colleen McCulloughAs an epic love story that spans generations, The Thorn Birds is a passionate love story set on Drogheda, a sheep station in the Australian Outback. It tells of the tragic romance of Meggie Cleary and Father Ralph de Bricassart. a Roman Catholic priest who has known her since she was young. Following one idyllic weekend, their love is consummated and the result is enough to turn their worlds upside down.To understand this love story, one must only look at the title. It refers to the legend of a bird that sings just once in its life, more sweetly than any other, but only at the cost of great pain.Anna Karenina by Leo TolstoyIn writing this article, it becomes clear that many of the classic love stories involved tragedy and ill-fated love. Anna Karenina is one such story.It is a tale the unhappily married Anna Karenina, her refusal to accept her fate in a loveless marriage, an d her tragic and passionate affair with Count Vronsky. While much of the novel deals with the scandal they create in social circles, other themes addressed are betrayal, faith, family, marriage, Imperial Russian society, desire, and rural vs. city life. Any romance novelist seeking to explore these same themes should return to this masterpiece to understand how the book became such a worldwide classic.Doctor Zhivago by Boris PasternakFirst published in Italy in 1957, Doctor Zhivago is the story of the life of a poet/physician during the Russian Revolution. Despite the embarrassment it caused the Communist Party of the Soviet Union, it won the author the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1958.While the novel focuses on themes of loneliness and disillusionment with revolutionary ideas, as Pasternaks alter ego, the protagonists life is interrupted by the war and by his love for Lara, the wife of a revolutionary. It contains beautiful, romantic poetry and focuses on a love story that is swe pt up in political and social changes that threaten its fate. As an example of the beauty and romanticism throughout, here is part of a poem in the novel:Take your palm off of my breast,We are high-tension wires,Watch out, or by accident we may beThrown together again.Years will pass, you will get married,And forget all this disorder.To be a woman is a giant step,To drive men mad - heroic.While at the miracle of a womans arms,Shoulders, and back, and neck,Ive stood in reverence all my lifeLike a devoted servant.But howsoever night may bind meWith its anguished coil,Strongest of all is the pull away,The passion for a clean break.Excerpt from A Final TalkJane Eyre by Charlotte Brontà «Jane Eyre is a classic gothic romance set in Northern England. Jane, the protagonist, accepts a position at Thornfield manor, where she teaches a young French girl named Adà ¨le. The girls father, and Janes employer, is a dark, brooding man named Rochester, with whom Jane falls in love.However, there a re secrets at Thornfield manor that Jane could not anticipate, and when shes thrust into the middle of them, its a struggle that costs much for the love of her life. For anyone who enjoys gothic tales of family secrets and ghostly apparitions, Jane Eyre is a classic that doles out much of it.The Notebook by Nicholas SparksWhile more recently published than the other classics in romance Ive listed, The Notebook holds its own against the rest. Set in post-World War II North Carolina, it tells the story of socialite Allie Nelson and the man who lost her a decade earlier, Noah Calhoun. Although Nelson is getting ready to marry her wealthy fiancà ©, she cant forget the boy from long ago who captured her heart and wouldnt let it go.For any aspiring romance novelist who wants to weave a tale of heartbreak and finding ones true soulmate, while telling a story that spans decades and shows love that just wont quit, The Notebook is one you shouldnt miss.

Writing Lyrics for Songs

Writing Lyrics for Songs Writing Lyrics for Songs Writing Lyrics for Songs By Michael It used to be that when people thought of songwriting, they didnt think of great writing. Then Bob Dylan won the Nobel Prize for literature. Dylan wasnt the first songwriter whose work has been respected by literary critics. You might be surprised how much ancient poetry was originally written to be sung. From certain vanished cultures, songs are the only literature that has survived. Before the invention of mass media technology, songs were the mass media the original news media. So if youre a songwriter, be proud. You have a distinguished and honorable heritage. Writing poetry or verse is good training for any writer. The discipline of a poetic structure teaches you rhythm and beat, which is part of language itself, as texture is part of paint. Yes, we all dislike limits to our creativity. But occasionally having to fit your writing into a rhyme or a meter doesnt hamper your creativity, it can enhance it. Dont you sometimes have trouble thinking of the next word to write? But once you know that word needs to rhyme with stone, or that it needs to begin with an unaccented syllable and end with an accented syllable, it might become easier to find the word. Even if you would never consider yourself a songwriter, in some ways writing song lyrics is better training than simply writing poetry or verse. Remember you dont need to be a musician to write the lyrics to a song. Someone else can write the music. But when you write poetry to be sung, you benefit from a stricter discipline and get a better education in writing. The school of lyrics When you write poetry that isnt meant to be heard (and most poetry should be heard), you can easily escape some of the discipline that you are supposed to be learning from. Personally, I cant tell if Im following the right metrical scheme unless I read what Im writing out loud. But if I have to sing it, the melody enforces the rhythm. It forces me to limit the number of syllables in the line, just as Im supposed to. Theres still room for flexibility, as I call it, or cheating, as you may call it. If you are an experienced singer, maybe you can slip in extra syllables or stretch out a syllable to make the words fit the tune. But another singer might not be able to do it so smoothly nor may they want to. If you want to write a song that is sung widely, even by the public, Im afraid you need to make the syllables fit neatly with the tune. This hard limit of so many syllables per line can drive a lyricist to frustration or possibly to jazz. Jazz is one musical tradition that welcomes improvisation and therefore welcomes longer line lengths. But again, irregular rhythms are harder to memorize, which is why few people sing John Coltrane on the way to work or school. While other writers can write longer sentences, paragraphs or chapters whenever they want, a lyricist may have to fit his or her thoughts into lines of ten words, or verses of four (not three) lines. I have been writing songs for most of my life, but the challenge of fitting words into a limited line makes me very slow. I can rarely fit a complete thought in one line; I frequently cant fit a single thought in a single verse. I wrote a Christmas song of five verses at the rate of one verse a year. Words and music Which comes first: the lyrics or the melody? That depends on the songwriter. The Broadway musical team of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein II wrote lyrics first, then music. Same with pop star Elton John and Bernie Taupin, his lyricist. But other songwriters, such as Paul Simon, usually start with the melody. Sometimes the lyrics and the melody are created together, in a jam session or a recording studio. Early in their career, John Lennon and Paul McCartney of the Beatles would write eyeball to eyeball as Lennon put it. Competing with each other helped their songs and hurt their relationship. In â€Å"track and hook† songwriting, a producer records basic elements such as the rhythm and chord progression and sends out the recording to â€Å"top line writers† who add other elements, such the hook, verses, chorus or bridge. For Gilbert and Sullivan of light opera fame, W.S. Gilbert would send lyrics to Arthur Sullivan by mail, as I recall. Sullivan would open the envelope, read the lyrics, then go for a walk, no doubt humming to himself. By the time he returned from his walk, he would have a tune fixed in his mind. Tips for writing lyrics Live songs dont rewind. Unlike readers of a book, listeners at a concert who didnt catch a word or a line cant go back a page and re-read the part of the song they missed. In his article 24 lyric-writing tips, Chris Wickett says, Remember that the listeners might miss a word, or a line, or three. Dont rely on just one small line to put the whole song in context. Dont over-rhyme. Structure is good, but too many rhymes can sound cutesy or annoying. A song can tolerate slant rhymes better than it can tolerate missing syllables. Be short, simple, and sweet. Graham English calculates that Bruce Springsteens Born to Run album averages 281 words per song. The Beatles’ Abbey Road averages 102 and Let It Be averages 139. Be specific, be intimate, be concrete. Andrea Stolpe who teaches songwriting at Berklee Online and the University of Southern California, says, Bring your listener into an experience of a small moment. Tell a story that shows your heart. You dont need to be profound. Jesse Sterling Harrison advises lyricists to be just slightly enigmatic. Nor do you need to be grandiose. No! I am not Frank Sinatra, nor was meant to be. Dont rush yourself. Rod Stewart says, Ill come up with one line in a day, and then it might be a couple of days before I come up with the rhyming line. Accept criticism but dont be too critical. Your lyric wont be instantly perfect, but if you can take advice, you can improve faster. Be quiet. James Taylor told NPRs Noah Adams, I think songs need to come out of really, out of a state of boredom almost as much as anything else. You need to have empty time in order to receive them. Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Freelance Writing category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Masters Degree or Master's Degree?225 Foreign Phrases to Inspire YouWhat’s the Best Way to Refer to a Romantic Partner?

Brand House Services Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4250 words

Brand House Services Company - Assignment Example On the basis of the discussion, relevant conclusions about the subject of concern will be drawn. Recommendations will be also provided on the basis of the findings. The second section of the study will encompass discussion about the research topic chosen during the first assignment of this study. Hence the topic of discussion will be how does Brand House manage constant change within its organization? This research question or the research topic will be addressed through the help of qualitative research methods. It should important to note that each of the sections in the study will cover the six learning goals mentioned initially during the beginning of learning framework. However, to cover these sections, assistance and theories of some of the notable and eminent scholars such as Schon’s (1983), Kolb’s (1984) and Belbin (2010) will be taken. In addition, some of the common frameworks and models such as AREA model and ITAC model will be used for the purpose of accompli shing the objectives of the study. The application of these theories and frameworks will certainly increase the credibility of the study. The study will also attempt to validate the use of these theories and models in the context of this study and alongside its relevance in this field will also be established. It should be also noted that this study will make use of a number of academic resources so as to shed light on the knowledge driven learning goals in a more comprehensive way. However, the most important and significant part of the study is to carry out a critical reflection of the learning experience at the CPO through the work based learning (WBL) framework and theories. This will also help in justifying the lessons learned by me during my tenure with the Brand House Advertising Services Company. Table of Contents Table of Contents 3 Introduction 4 Section 1- My Workplace Experience 6 Section 2 – Discipline Topic 17 References 23 Introduction Various definitions about ‘reflective learning’ can be found in the books and academic journals stated by eminent authors of the world. Apart from mere definition, much has been written about it and is often dubbed as a critical subject of assessment (Brooksbank, 1994). Reflection or reflective learning is generally described as the ability to look back at the previous experiences and segregate it into relevant aspects such as the factors directly impacting the success and failure (Enwistle, 2001; Ferdinand, 2004; Forbes, 2012). In addition, some of the experts have stated that it is a means of learning by making a link between the learned theory and practice (Botan & Hazleton, 2006; Breslin, 2008). In the similar manner, reflective learning is also highlighted as a way of improving the performance, by making use of the learning and improvising on the future practices. Hence, it is obvious that a number of definitions and meaning of self learning exists. As a result of that reflective learning is also mentioned as a way of transforming surface learning into deep learning (Beaulieu, 2009; Blanchard & Waghorn, 1997). (Source: Gans, King, Stonecash & Mankiw, 2008) Reflective learning greatly helps an individual to develop self-awareness, critical thinking and analytical skills (Duff, 2000; Elving, 2005). This is important for both students as well as for the professionals. Till now it is believed that the reader has understood the core theme of this piece of work, which is reflective learning. This piece of work is the last installment of the assignment and hence it will be somewhat inferential in nature. Thus, making the readers aware about the background of

Heart of Darkness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Heart of Darkness - Essay Example Kurtz is repeatedly described as mad and this madness had its sources in two important things: a) intellect/genius and b) unbridled power. Perhaps Marlow gave one of the best explanations for madness within Kurtz when he tries to understand the sources of depths of madness that he noticed in Kurtz. It is where he overcomes with this deep urge to kill Kurtz because the man looked just so extraordinarily inhuman: "Soul! If anybody has ever struggled with a soul, I am the man. And I wasn't arguing with a lunatic either. Believe me or not, his intelligence was perfectly clear-concentrated, it is true, upon himself with horrible intensity, yet clear; and therein was my only chance-barring of course, the killing him there and then, which wasn't so good, on account of the unavoidable noise. But his soul was mad. Being alone in the wilderness, it had looked within itself, and, by heavens! I tell you, it had gone mad. He struggled with himself, too. I saw it,-I heard it. I saw the inconceivable mystery of a soul that knew no restraint, no faith, and no fear, yet struggling blindly with itself." (144-145) This passage makes one thing clear. Kurtz was not a lunatic. His soul was the center of his corruption and his senseless antics. The man had lost faith, fear and anything else that could keep a watchful eye on his soul. Marlow testifies in favor of Kurtz's clear thinking.

Reflection on simulation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Reflection on simulation - Essay Example My colleague was to start by taking the blood pressure of the patient. She did this using a sphygmomanometer. While measuring the blood pressure of the patient, she asked him if he is hypertensive, and the patient’s reply was a no. As my colleague was taking the patients’ blood pressure, I was cleaning the instruments I would use. I also checked that they were functioning properly. When she was through it, was my turn with the patient. I applied a gel to my hands to sanitize them. I informed the patient that I was to take his temperature, respiration and pulse. I explained that this was necessary for diagnosis of his illness. He gave me his consent to proceed. This is as per the requirement of nursing and midwifery council (Delany & Molloy 2009). In the process of taking his temperature from the ears, I asked him if I could slightly pull his ear. The gentleman was cooperative, and he agreed. As I was inserting the thermometer in his ears, I accidentally pierced a plastic in the ear. This is because I was not confident enough. After completing the readings of temperature, I plotted the reading in the temperature chart. I then proceed to checking the pulse rate of the patient. I check the strength of the pulse and the rhythm from the arteries. I used the arteries on the arm to check the pulse rate. I then proceed to doing the respiratory test. In taking the respiration, I checked the rate of the patients breathing in sixty second. I then recorded the finding of these two tests in a separate fact sheet. After I was through with the patient, I cleaned my hands with water and soap. The cleaning of the hands before and after attending a patient was critical (Johns, 2009, p.25). It is for this reason that I had applied a gel on my hands before, and cleaned them after attending Mr. A. This is in compliance to nursing and midwifery council standards on control of infections. Further, the nurse does not remain with germs that he