Peer Attachment And Self Esteem - 1568 Words

ABSTRACT Peer attachments play a very important role in determining high self-esteem of students. Self-esteem can be defined as an individual’s attitude about him or herself, involving self-evaluation along a positive- negative dimension. Most generally self-esteem refers to an individual’s over all positive evaluation to the self. The study was conducted in Hisar District of Haryana state. All the adolescents studying in 9th and 10th standard falling in the age group 15 – 16 years were included in the sample for the study. Self-esteem was taken as dependent variable. Self-Esteem was assessed by Rosenberg’s Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) by Rosenberg’s (1989). Peer attachment was taken as Independent variable. Result revealed that a keen†¦show more content†¦Self-esteem is associated with depression, anxiety, motivation and general satisfaction with one’s life (Rosenberg, 1986). Self-esteem can be defined as an individual’s attitude about hi m or herself, involving self-evaluation along a positive- negative dimension (Baron and Byrne, 1991). Most generally self-esteem refers to an individual’s over all positive evaluation to the self (Rosenberg et al., 1995). Reasoner (2005) has defined self-esteem as the experience of capable of meeting life challenge and being worthy of happiness. In today’s world self-esteem has been viewed as an important tool to face the competitive life. Modern living has brought with it, not only innumerable means of comfort but also a plethora of demands that tax human body and mind. Now a day’s everyone talks about stress. It is cutting across all socio economic groups of population and becomes the great leveler and continuous stress over a period of time takes the form of depression. Since its origin, attachment research has focused primarily on the study of attachment bonds in early childhood (Bowlby, 1982). Lately, however, attachment has been re-conceptualized to includ e other significant relationships, such as those with peers. From an attachment perspective, adolescence is marked by critical changes in cognitive, behavioural, and emotional systems. Adolescents develop their own points of view and separate them from their parents (Bowlby, 1982). Further, the transition toShow MoreRelatedcompare two theories of self-esteem which contribute to our understanding of self-concept1096 Words   |  5 Pagestwo theories of self-esteem which contribute to our understanding of self-concept. The theories which I will be focused on are Bowlby’s and Harter’s. Bowlby theory Bowlby worked for many years as a child psychoanalyst so was clearly very influenced by Freud’s theories and child development. However, he also liked the work of Lorenz on the innate nature of bonds through imprinting and combined these two very different ideas to produce his own evolutionary theory of attachments. Bowlby believedRead MoreIn The Article Link Of Adolescent’S Identity Development1076 Words   |  5 PagesIdentity Development and Relationship with Peers by Tija RagelienÄâ€", the author discussed the correlation that positive relationships with friends have on an adolescent’s identity development. The article starts out by explaining how exploring different identities is important for adolescents. Adolescents need to explore and construct their identity in order to find their place in society. One theorist believes that identity is more or less represented through self-realizing activities where they feel likeRead MoreDeaf Studies And Deaf Educa tion1736 Words   |  7 Pageshearing (D/HH) on Attachment in young adults. They write: In combination with the auditory aspects of all of the previous work examined, this may lead one to believe that there is a potentially severe deficit when a hearing mother has a deaf child. This makes logical sense on the surface, since the norm is to have full capacity to hear. Failure to have a full capacity to hear may cause a failure to have full capacity to develop the skills required to have a secure attachment. But they continue:Read MoreChild and Adolescent Psychology Essay1348 Words   |  6 Pagesof the system of relationships that form their environment. Here you will find a description on the impact of family, school, community and other systems, according to Brofenbrenner, have on their lives. This will also show the influence of the attachment theory and how it interacts with the causes of depression which can occur amongst early childhood and adolescents. Urie Brofenbrenner has uniqueness to his theory, â€Å"stressing the need to understand development in terms of the everyday environmentRead MoreEffect of Gender on Self-Esteem in China1432 Words   |  6 PagesHead: VALID OR NOT Effects of Gender on Self-Esteem in China Name of Student School Abstract Six studies present varying results on the effect of gender on self-esteem. Watkins Yu (1993) found gender to have little effect on self-esteem but much on self-concept and self-satisfaction, especially among Chinese women. Zhang Leung (2002) suggested the moderating factors of gender and age in the connection between individual and collective self-esteem and life satisfaction. Their research concludedRead MoreThe Term Global Self Worth Essay2027 Words   |  9 PagesOver the years, the term global self-worth, which discusses on the adolescent’s overall evaluation on general happiness and satisfaction, becomes important. Recent literature suggests that both the parent’s and peer’s attachments to the adolescent may be a key determinant and a positive relationship in their global self-worth. The current study aimed to examine the importance of perceived attachment in relation to the adolescent’s global self-worth. A self-report survey was administered to a totalRead MoreChallenges Of Children Face When They Start School1703 Words   |  7 Pagesparticularly relevant to middle childhood and school readiness are attachment, emotion, and communication. By examining each of these areas individually, identifying linked behaviours, assessing possible risks, and the affects, they could have on child’s ability to adapt to school social setting, and establishing the extent to which early childhood experiences, effect middle childhood, and school readiness. A child’s attachment relationship plays a pivotal role in these areas, during early yearsRead MoreThe Change Of Children Away From Their Caregivers.it1330 Words   |  6 PagesChildren’s relations with their peers and families play a major role in stabilising their overall development, letting them create and grow social and emotional competencies by exposing them to new experiences,among other children away from surroundings that they are already aware of away from their caregivers. The telegraph (2007) claims; â€Å"children, who come from strict households or chaotic ones,are just as likely to be tearaways outside the home is claimed to be the most important. It also suggests;Read MoreInfant Attachment Essay1434 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Infant attachment is the first relationship a child experiences and is crucial to the child’s survival (BOOK). A mother’s response to her child will yield either a secure bond or insecurity with the infant. Parents who respond â€Å"more sensitively and responsively to the child’s distress† establish a secure bond faster than â€Å"parents of insecure children†. (Attachment and Emotion, page 475) The quality of the attachment has â€Å"profound implications for the child’s feelings of security andRead MoreRelationship Between Secure Attachment And Self Esteem Essay1932 Words   |  8 Pagesbetween Secure attachment and self-esteem in adults Kathryn O’Dwyer 30323696 Federation University Abstract The attachments you create with parents when you are younger are very important for the relationships you experience later in life; and the self-esteem you live with when experiencing adulthood. To examine whether there is a relationship between secure attachment and self-esteem, 520 undergraduate psychology students were to complete two questionnaires; The Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (Rosenberg

Accounting And Reporting On Sustainability - 1132 Words

: Accounting and Reporting on Sustainability Business sustainability has been concerned with the ensuring that organizations can implement various strategies that would contribute to the long term success of the business. Organizations that could act in a sustainable manner do not only create businesses that will live and survive for a long period of time, it will also maintain the well-being of the people and the planet as well. Leading companies are pretty much aware that their successful performance regarding sustainability is one of the key factors in their success. Investors are also interested to companies that promote sustainability with a focus on long term profitability as well as competitive advantage. Procter and Gamble Corporation was founded in 1837 in Cincinnati. The corporation was founded by William Procter, who was a candle maker along with his brother-in-law Gamble, who was a soap maker. Their combined venture sparked one of the most powerful and influential companie s in America which is later called Proctor and Gamble. Their first product was introduced in 1879. It was an ivory Soap. In the Year 2013, they have a net income of 11.31 billion U.S. dollars, total assets of 139.26 billion U.S. dollars, and a total equity of 68.06 billion U.S. dollars. The company’s products are divided into groups: beauty and grooming, and household care. The company has a target market of the customers from the middle up class. They also target women and children asShow MoreRelatedAccounting And Reporting On Sustainability1135 Words   |  5 PagesName: Subject: Instructor: Date: Accounting and Reporting on Sustainability Business sustainability has been concerned with the ensuring that organizations can implement various strategies that would contribute to the long term success of the business. Organizations that could act in a sustainable manner do not only create businesses that will live and survive for a long period of time, it will also maintain the well-being of the people and the planet as well. Leading companies are pretty much awareRead MoreSustainability Accounting And Non Financial Reporting1052 Words   |  5 Pagesa newly established area in accounting, sustainability accounting and reporting extends the traditional model of financial and non-financial reporting to incorporate the company’s operational information, social and environmental activities, and their ability to deal with related risks. Not only do these acts have effects on society and the environment, but they also directly impact company’s financial statements. The most widely accepted definition of sustainab ility that has emerged over time isRead MoreImplementation Of The International Financial Reporting Standards1385 Words   |  6 PagesTables 3.1 and 3.2 above exhibit the various local content sustainability indicators and their reporting procedures. Although the GRI is the most commonly used guideline, the two standards are often used together in a single sustainability report by oil companies . The present study combines these indicators and adopted a content analysis procedure to test whether there is any variation in the IOCs’ local content reporting before and after the enactment of the Nigeria’s local content law. The nextRead MoreThe International Integrated Reporting Council Essay1613 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction This essay has been requested by the one of the Big 4 accounting firms in New Zealand, in which they include Deloitte, Price Waterhouse Coopers, KPMG and Ernst and Young to prepare a contextual essay in relation to Integrated Reporting (). In this document, it will pay specific attention to explaining what is , it’s emergence and deliver a reasonable judgment as to whether it should develop the new form of regulated accounting practice in New Zealand within the next 5 years for KPMG. TheRead MoreContribution Of Accountancy On Sustainable Development1485 Words   |  6 Pages FINANCIAL ACCOUNTING THEORY | BBAC502 Group Assignment â€Æ' Topic # 1 CONTRIBUTION OF ACCOUNTANCY IN SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT â€Å"Bookkeepers will spare the world†, said Peter Bakker, the Chief Executive of of the World Business Council for Sustainable Development. The idea of sustainability includes working in a way that assesses an association s effects on the planet, its kin and what has to come. A developing number of bookkeeping scholastics have been lookingRead MoreAccounting Theory Assignment 21710 Words   |  7 PagesYEAR 2011 AFW 3040 – ACCOUNTING THEORY BY: SARAH WONG Assignment 2 – 1500-word Essay Topic: How social and environmental reporting practices undertaken by companies highlight the limitations of the conceptual framework. Introduction: Accountancy has always been concerned with mainly the accountability of directors to shareholders and companies to creditors. As companies grow larger and become more integrated with the society, this call for a focus towards sustainability and being accountableRead MoreGlobal Female Poverty and Sustainability Efforts1529 Words   |  6 PagesWith the world going to International Accounting Standards, poverty reduction is part of the sustainability efforts. It is suggested by (Sumner, 2005) that globalization of the worlds market economies is a root cause of increasing feminization poverty everywhere. The worlds poverty is mostly with women and minority groups, making gender and diversity a big part of sustainability. Sustainable development is meeting the needs of the present without compromising the ability of future generations toRead MoreFrameworks In Greenwashing913 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough sustainability reporting (Klettner, Clarke Boersma 2014; Soderstrom 2013). Accordi ngly, there has been an increase in organisations’ claiming their voluntary commitment to the international standards and frameworks for corporate sustainability – namely, the United Nations Global Compact (UNGC) and the Global Reporting Initiative (GRI)’s sustainability reporting guidelines (Klettner, Clarke Boersma 2014; Milne Gray 2013). According to Benn, Dunphy Griffiths’ (2014) sustainability phaseRead MoreCorporate Social Reporting ( Csr )1556 Words   |  7 PagesCorporate Social Reporting (CSR) Abstract Organizations embark on social and environmental reporting for a variety of different reasons and not to simply improve credibility with stakeholders; although that is a primary reason in many organizations. However, other organizations have different objectives altogether that can include a range of different motivations. Some models have broken the range of motivations into signaling or greenwashing or used legitimacy theory to explain the motivationsRead MoreThe Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program1355 Words   |  6 Pagesa result, governments have enacted laws that limited the amount of pollution that a firm can release. One such law is the Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program, which in a nutshell, stipulates mandatory reporting of greenhouse gases released by certain firms. In regards to the program, what is it, and what is its purpose? How does this program relate to accounting, and what role do accountants play? How will this law affect businesses? With the trend in sustainabl e operations, firms will most likely

Evoking A Moment Essay Example For Students

Evoking A Moment Essay A t-shirt sits in my closet that brings back a certain for me. Its a gray Nike shirt with a faded pink stain in the center of the chest. I always wear this same shirt every time I play paintball even though its too small. Its my good luck shirt. I can remember when this same old shirt was relatively new.. It was a hot humid morning when a few friends and myself drove into the parking lot of my favorite paintball field. We unpacked the car and found an unoccupied picnic table under the pavilion. We registered ourselves and suited up. I put on my camouflaged jumpsuit over my shorts and unstained gray t-shirt. The referees rounded all the players up and put us on teams, all of us were blue. The first game was in a field the shape of a banana with a dogleg on one side and a dry creek bed as deep enough to provide good cover. I grouped up with two of my friends at our teams flag station and waited for the refs whistle. We waited for a minute in anxious silence, then the whistle blew we sprinted to the creek bed. The creek bed is about halfway across the field so we werent sure if the other team would get there first so we were all wary. Then we saw the creek bed. It was empty, for now. Five reds were almost as close to the bed as we were. They saw us and ducked for cover, we slid into the creek bed. I popped my safety in to the fire position and popped off about 20 shots into the group of reds, my teammates did the same. Four of the reds shouted, HIT!!! and walked off the field. One of my friends was hit in the clash and walked off the field. That left just two of us in the creek bed. We decided that we should go over the top and make a charge on the last red in front of us, we did and my friend got him. We charged down the sideline to get to the other teams flag. We made it about 50 yards before we saw anyone else, when we did it was all newbees and little kids (a newbee is a person who is still new to paintball, you can tell them apart by their rental equipment and lack of skill). We snuck behind the group and started giving them splotches, but then one of them had an automatic!! My friend got hit as I dove behind a barrel. As I lay behind the barrel I kept hearing the Pling! Pling! of paintballs hitting my cover. When I heard the reds calm down a little I decided that I was hopelessly outnumbered and had no chance. After taking this in to account I decided that I should make a charge at them. First I looked up and saw that they were mostly paying attention to the other side of the field. Then I jumped up and shot at them as fast as I could, I think I hit a few of them but that was the least of my concerns. About five of them turned and shot at me , including the one with the automatic. I was hit about 7 times all over my body; one paintball hit me in the zipper where it was slightly open and got all over my gray t-shirt staining it to this day. Whenever I see the stain on my paintball t-shirt it makes me think of that game and that great charge!!Words/ Pages : 629 / 24

Kings lear Essay Example For Students

Kings lear Essay Humans, like all creatures on the earth, have the privilege of thefreedom of choice. There are two broad ranges of factors that affect thedecisions a person makes. The first factor that affects decision making isinternal and includes a persons character and intellect. The secondfactor is external such as environment and interaction with other people. Naturally, each decision a person makes results in a repercussion of somedegree, usually either helpful or hindering, and rarely inconsequential. The concept of justice is based on the fact that decisions are alwaysfollowed by consequences. It strictly adheres to the rewarding of gooddeeds and the punishment of evil. King Lear, a play by WilliamShakespeare, is a grave tragedy that is a prime example of the Elizabethanconception of justice. Lears kingdom turns to chaos because of a break inthe Great Chain of Being and restores to order when justice prevails. Its tragic labelling stems from the prevalence of death the just punishmentfor many of its characters. The deaths of Lear, Goneril, and Edmund areprime examples of justice prevailing for evil, and in Lears caseunnatural, acts. Lears ultimate fate is death. His early demise is a direct result ofbreaching the Great Chain of Being which states that no mortal willabandon his position in the hierarchy of ranking set by God. Learsintention of abdicating his throne is apparent from the outset and is seenin the following speech spoken during the opening scene of the play:. . . tis our fast intentTo shake all cares and business from our age,Conferring them on younger strengths while weUnburdened crawl toward death. . .1Evidently the splitting of Lears kingdom and abdication of his throneis not an act of necessity, but an act toward easing the remainder of hislife. Lears disruption of the Great Chain of Being is in an unnaturalfashion because the abdication of his kingship is without dire or mortalcause. The method of passing down his land to his heirs is also unnatural,as seen in the following excerpts:. . . Know that we have dividedIn three our kingdom. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . We have this hour a constant will to publishOur daughters several dowers. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Which of you three daughters shall we say doth love us most?That we our largest bounty may extendWhere nature doth with merit challenge. . . .2Lear does not bestow his kingdom upon his eldest son, nor is he evengoing to bestow the largest portion of the divided kingdom upon his eldestson. He expresses his intent to split his kingdom and grant the pieces ashis daughters dowers, the largest piece being granted to whichever of thethree professes to love him most. This is a violation of the natural orderof commonly accepted hierarchy that states a fathers estate be endowedupon his eldest son. An error in judgement and untempered release of angerare also factors contributing to Lears downfall. Lear listens to flatteryfrom Goneril, I love you more than word can wield the/matter;3 and Regan,I find she Goneril names my very deed of love,/Only she comes too short. . .4 in their bidding to profess they love Lear the most among the threedaughters, but Cordelia does not compete with their flattery: Cor. Unhappy that I am, I cannot heaveMy heart into my mouth. I love your Majesty LearAccording to my bond filial, no more nor less.5Cordelia cannot flatter Lear with praise and states that she merelyloves him as a daughter should love her father, with respect and obedience. Lear is so heartbroken by his youngest, and until then his most beloved,daughters refusal to praise him with her love that a rage ensues: Lear. Let it be so! thy truth then be they dower!For, by the sacred radiance of the sun,The mysteries of Hecate and the night;By all the operation of the orbs starsFrom whom we do exist and cease to be;Here I disclaim all my paternal care,Propinquity and property of blood,And as a stranger to my heart and meHold thee from this for ever. . .6Lear acknowledges that Cordelia s speaking the truth. Althoughconfessions of filial love are not inappropriate or evil, Lears judgementis clouded by anger at Cordelias refusal to praise him with flattery as hehad planned and he swears by the gods that Cordelia is no longer hisdaughter and chooses not to give any portion of land as her dower. Learsdisowning of his daughter for refusing to participate in his unnaturalrites of determining which daughters receive which lands has proved thathis judgements are misguid ed. Finally, justice is fulfilled when Lear diesat the end of the play. The justice is in response to actions that hecommits which are not necessarily evil-hearted, but for the refusal toabide by the Great Chain of Being and his irrational and cruel disowningand banishment of Cordelia. Sexual Harassment and Rape EssayYou have now the good advantage of the night. Have you not spoken gainst the Duke of Cornwall?Hes coming hither; now, i the night, i the haste,And Regan with him. Have you nothing saidUpon his party gainst the Duke of Albany?Advise yourself. Edg. I am sure ont, not a word. Edm. I hear my father coming. Pardon me!In cunning I must draw my sword upon you. Draw, seem to defend yourself; now quit you well.Yield! Come before my father. Light, ho, here!Fly, brother.Torches, torches!So farewell.13Edmund asks Edgar if he has offended the Dukes of Cornwall or Albanythat would provoke Cornwall to come to Gloucesters castle with such hastein the middle of the night. Edgar pleads innocence, forcing Edmund toenhance his deception. He tells Edgar that he must draw his sword as ifdefending himself or trying to capture a wanted man. Edgar flees, and toenhance the deception in Gloucesters eyes even further Edmund stabshimself. Bringing the murderous coward Edgar to the stake;/He thatconceals him, death.14 Gloucester, arriving on the scene, is convinced ofEdgars treason. Edmund has removed Edgar from his fathers favour, butdoes not yet possess Gloucesters lands or wealth. An opportunity presentsitself which Edmund plans to take advantage of: Glou. . . .I havereceived a letter this nighttis dangerous to be spokenIhave locked the letter in my closet. T hese injuries theKing now bears will be revenged home; there is a part of apower already footed. . .15Gloucester reveals to Edmund a letter he received. It entails that asecret power, France, has landed in the realm to revenge disrespect towardLear. Edmund says: Edm. This courtesy, forbid thee, shall the DukeInstantly know, and of that letter too. Seems a fair deserving, and must draw meThat which my father losesno less than all. The younger rises when the old doth fall.16Edmund plans to tell the Duke of Albany of the letter Gloucester hasreceived and of his journey to inform Lear of the French forces coming toaid him. The information makes Gloucester look like a traitor in theDukes eyes and Edmund realizes he will be rewarded with his fathers landssince they will be stripped from him for treason. Edmunds evilheartedness and willingness to sacrifice his family for status and wealthclearly demands some sort of punishment as justice. It is only fittingthat the betrayal of his own blood, both his father and brother, isanswered by justice in his death at Edgars hands. Lear, Goneril, and Edmund were each motivated in different ways. Learswas an unnatural and irrational motivation. Greed and selfishness movedEdmund to the decisions he made. Lastly, Gonerils heart was of the basestevil and jealousy. Although the methods and paths of their downfall weredifferent, each person suffers the identical fate as decided by justice. It is debatable whether each decision we make is weighed on a cosmic scalewith justice waiting to punish the evil or reward the good, but what iscertain is that each decision we make plays a direct role in our futures.

Ethnic Conflict free essay sample

Ethnic Conflicts are a very important issue that can affect a whole country/state. Ethnic conflicts within a state belong to identity conflicts that are a type of internal conflicts. Sometimes the term ethnic conflict is used to describe a large range of internal conflicts . Before talking about ethnic conflict, it is important to know the meaning of ethnicity. Ethnic groups usually have collectivity or psychological communities who share a combination of historical experience and valued cultural traits beliefs, culture and religion, language, ways of life, a common homeland . Ethnic conflicts can be defined as conflicts between ethnic groups within a multi-ethnic state, which have been going on some time. Many ethnic conflicts result in a significant loss of life, a serious denial of basic human rights and considerable material destruction, some escalating into inter ethnic or internal war. The desire for secession or independence from an existing state, the demand for greater power within a state, or recognition and protection of minority interest within a society are three general issues of ethnic conflicts. We will write a custom essay sample on Ethnic Conflict or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page An ethnic conflict is usually between two major groups fighting for the power or sovereignty of a country, state, or territory. The protagonists in the most intense ethnic conflicts want to establish their independence . A minority group might insist on seceding and establishing its own independent state. It might demand an independent state within a confederation of states, or might insist on an independent political entity within a new federal structure. The antagonist ethnic groups will not be able to agree on new constitutional ideas or a peaceful separation because the group does not want to lose its power over the other group. These kind of ethnic disputes consequently become violent, some escalate into all out war which tears the country/state apart.

Detection and Prevention of Wireless Intrusion

Detection and Prevention of Wireless Intrusion Abstract This research shows elements of wireless intrusion detection and intrusion prevention. It shows the main areas of wireless intrusion and detection together with advantages and challenges of using a wireless intrusion and detection systems. Overall, the research concludes that a wireless IDS offers many advantages than challenges it may present to users.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Detection and Prevention of Wireless Intrusion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wireless local area networks (WLANs) have many threats, which could have significant impacts on the network. Threats to WLAN technologies include â€Å"wrongly configured wireless access points (WAPs), Denial of Services (DoS) and possible system hijacking† (Max, 2009, p. 3). Wireless networks are also prone to common attacks like TCP/IP and 802.11 threats. TCP/IP threats also are common in networked technologies. WLANs must incorpor ate security techniques that can detect and defend against potential threats. These are intrusion detection system (IDS) solutions. Introduction WLANs have the same IDS as a Network Intrusion Detection System (NIDS) because they can also evaluate network traffic for potential security threats. However, IDS can evaluate specific areas, which only relate to WLAN. These include WAPs, rogue WAPs, and offsite users. The growth in wireless technologies has allowed networks to support wireless devices at different sections of the network typology. This suggests that WLAN IDS have critical roles to play in network securities.  WLANs may have unconnected wireless sensors to analyze traffic. The physical location of a sensor is critical for effective analysis of network traffic. The location normally influences what a network sensor can detect and monitor. Network sensors should have the ability to monitor all gadgets that can gain access to the network. Some wireless networks may have more than a single sensor. These sensors go beyond the normal scope of network operations. In most cases, the WLAN may have a single channel, but it also has options of running on several channels. Thus, WLAN sensor may effectively serve a single channel. However, regular changes can ensure that WLAN sensors can analyze several channels. IDS has many parts, such as consoles, databases, and system sensors. Users can run the system on either a centralized or decentralized platform.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Figure 1: WLAN IDS Wireless Threats Wireless local area networks are susceptible to a number of threats. The normal 802.11 encryption has become susceptible to attacks (Max, 2009, p. 7). In addition, the Wired Equivalent Privacy (WEP) may not withstand constant brute force attacks. In other words, encryption alone cannot protect the network because the intruder can sti ll attack and decrypt sensitive information in wireless networks. Attackers also rely on rogue WAP to attack WLANs and gain access to sensitive information in the system (Vladimirov, Gavrilenko Mikhailovsky, 2004, p. 435). Attackers normally construct rogue WAPs in a similar manner as real WAPs. Most users have the tendency of connecting to any WAP with appropriate signals. At this point, users can accidentally connect to a rogue WAP. This provides an opportunity for the attacker to monitor all forms data transmission across the connected devices. At the same time, some users may also â€Å"introduce rogue WAPs in the wireless network† (Low, 2005, p. 89). This happens because of low costs and ease of connectivity in the WLAN systems. Users can install other access points in the network and render other security features ineffective. This makes the network an easy target for attackers (Low, 2005, p. 89). Users must consider the deployment of a wireless IDS security solution t o protect the network from such vulnerabilities. IDS solutions can protect the network from installed rogue WAPs. DoS may also affect networks that rely on 802.11. Hackers can derail such networks. Physical objects may also affect communication systems across wireless networks. These may include tall buildings, trees, and even rain. Other physical objects that have signal systems may also affect 802.11 networks. There are attackers who use fake requests to congest the system in order to force the system reboot.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Detection and Prevention of Wireless Intrusion specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More At the same time, such attackers can also make repeated requests as a way of denying services to authentic users.  Other security threats include poorly secured network devices, man in the middle, and unauthorized systems on the network. WLAN IDS sensors should have the ability to detect these threats (Kent Mell, 2006, p. 87). There are other forms of WLAN threats, including new ones. These threats have critical repercussions on networks they attack. WLAN that lacks any form of threat intrusion detection and prevention may find it difficult to notice threats on the network. A lack of awareness about threats creates vulnerable networks for attackers. Thus, organizations should have effective ways of detecting and preventing intrusion in the network. Intrusion detection Intrusion detection systems (IDSs) have the ability to recognize any unusual usages and access on the network (Base Mell, 2001, p. 78). They can analyze data in the system and detect any anomalies (Caswell, Beale and Baker, 2007, p. 411). IDSs have the capacity to recognize intrusions and abnormal usages in the network system. The new IDSs for wireless devices can sense, monitor, collect, and analyze data in order to locate known attacks, reveal abnormal network usages, and show misuse within the net work (Yang, Xie Sun, 2004, pp. 553-556). IDSs collect information and generate corresponding alerts based on the type of intrusion detected.  A wireless IDS may be the same as networked IDS. However, WLAN IDS has specific security features for wireless networks only. WLAN intrusion detection Organizations can develop their own wireless IDSs or obtain them from vendors. While wireless IDS technologies are new, the available ones are effective security solutions. Moreover, they also have extensive security features. The most common IDS solutions include RogueWatch, Airdefense, and Airdefense Guard (Kent Warnock, 2004, p. 8). There are also Internet Security Systems and other system scanners.  Users can develop their own wireless IDS by using free software from Open Source. Configuration There two types of a wireless IDS configuration. These are centralized and decentralized configurations. A centralized wireless IDS uses several independent sensors on the network to gather infor mation. The sensors collect information and transfer them to a central place for analysis and storage. On the other hand, a decentralized intrusion system has different gadgets for data collection, analysis, and reporting. This type of intrusion detection is appropriate for small networks because it is expensive to run and maintain (Rhodes-Ousley, Bragg and Strassberg, 2003, p. 263). Moreover, decentralized systems may require much time from the organization.Advertising Looking for research paper on it? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More WLANs may cover a large area. This could weaken the signal strengths. Therefore, it is appropriate to install several WAP to provide extra strength for the network. However, one should deploy a sensor in every access point with WAP. Several sensors in every access point can easily detect intrusion in the network. Moreover, the sensor can identify sources of threats within a given geography. Physical Location The wireless detection systems should be able to locate physical locations of attackers. Most hackers attack the network in locations close access points and WAPs in order to reduce the time for attack. Organizations should deploy people physically to respond to attacks in a timely manner. Attacks on networked systems could occur several miles away. However, in a wireless system, the attacker could even be in the same location. Effective wireless IDS can assist in providing a physical location in which the hacker could be located. Information obtained from the 802.11 and the loc ation of the WAP can â€Å"aid in quick detection of the attacker’s actual location† (Calabrese, 2003, p. 29). In some cases, directional antennae aid in tracking the location of the attacker by tracing the source of the attacker’s signals. The IDS and other scanning systems are effective for this role. The physical response team can rely on these other teams to intercept the attacker. Policy enforcement Organizations can â€Å"use wireless IDSs to enforce their policies† (Calabrese, 2003, p. 32). WLANs may have many security challenges. However, there are solutions for these issues. Effective organizational policy can ensure that wireless networks remain secure. Enforcing organizational policies on wireless devices is an effective way of ensuring wireless network security. Organizations should ensure that all its data are encrypted before transfers (Calabrese, 2003, p. 34). The wireless IDS can analyze the system and detect any attempts to transfers data without encryption. Effective configuration of WAPs can ensure that IDSs have the ability to easily identify rogue WAPs as soon as they attempt to gain access to the network. Detection of a rogue WAP and enforcement of organizational policies on wireless communications can enhance the level of wireless network security. Policies on automated systems can eliminate the use of human to monitor possible rogue WAPs on the network. This can enhance effective use of resources in an organization. Detecting threats A wireless IDS is effective in identification of threats in the network. It can help in identifying rogue WAPs and any non-encrypted data during transfer in 802.11. Moreover, wireless IDSs can also detect attackers’ location and monitor the system for known attacks.  Hackers rely on scanning devices and software as tools for detecting possible points of attack on the network. Scanning tools like Kismet have been effective in identifying weak areas within the network. Att ackers target such points on the WAP and apply GPS (Global Positioning System) to locate the most vulnerable geographical spot on the network. Scanning software and other detection tools are common, and organizations can use wireless IDS to identify such software on the network. This can help in reducing vulnerability of the network from external analysis by hackers (Hsieh, Lo, Lee and Huang, 2004, pp. 581-586).  Reliable wireless IDS can detect some DoS threats on the network (Trost, 2010, p. 53). DoS attacks are the most common attacks on wireless networks. Physical objects may cause conflicts in frequencies. Attackers may exploit such opportunities to deny users services from the network. A wireless IDS has the ability to detect these forms of attacks, which aim to flood the network with requests or generate unauthorized requests.  There are also other threats that a wireless IDS can detect on the network. For instance, many attackers may masquerade as authentic wireless devi ce or a client. In such cases, a wireless IDS can detect threats from MAC address spoofing. A wireless IDS uses a series analysis to â€Å"detect the presence of MAC address spoofing on the network† (Trost, 2010, p. 76). It can only detect ad-hoc networks. This is a configuration issue, which provide opportunities for attackers to use wireless devices and gain access to the network.  A wireless IDS can also identify some uncommon or new forms threats by using users defined requirements. In this context, it provides flexibility that other general IDSs may not have. Hence, users can use wireless IDSs to define their security features for locating unique threats. It is an effective method of building strong security features for WLAN. People who may know that the network relies on IDS features may not be interested in attacking the system. This is a way of deterring threats on the network. Wireless IDS issues Clearly, wireless IDS offers numerous advantages to users in detecti ng and preventing threats to the network. However, organizations should consider some aspects of wireless IDS, which may affect the effectiveness of their systems. Wireless intrusion detection is a field that is still evolving. Thus, it is important for users to be careful when deploying new systems with no proven track records on their networks. New technologies may present new challenges or bugs to the network. Such challenges could be new forms of vulnerabilities, which would render the network unsafe and prone to attacks. One must also recognize that wireless technologies have evolved rapidly in the recent past. Hence, organizations may find it difficult and costly to keep pace with new discoveries in technologies. Maintaining a wireless security system could be expensive, especially when they come from vendors. Organizations have opportunities of developing their own IDS solutions. However, this could present new challenges like qualified human capital and additional resources for such projects. Costs of monitoring wireless IDS solutions normally increase as the size of the network also increases. A large network may require several sensors or other monitoring devices, which increase costs of developing and maintaining a wireless IDS solution. Effectiveness of a wireless IDS may depend on the expertise of the user and the extent of responses to detect threats (Mandia, Prosise Pepe, 2003, pp. 12-32). This process may require extensive experiences, resources, and expertise for effective response to threats. Responses must be both physical and logical in order to get hackers. Costs of a wireless IDS is prohibitive for small firms. In addition, they may not have the required human resources to implement and maintain such systems. Overall, a wireless IDS provides effective security solutions against intrusions. Conclusion Wireless intrusion detection and intrusion prevention solutions provide protection against potential attacks on the network. Implementing a nd maintaining a wireless IDS may have some drawbacks. Nevertheless, it offers effective network security against intrusions. It has abilities to detect different types of 802.11 threats, DoS, and analyze the system. Organizations with wireless policies and can enhance the effectiveness of wireless IDSs significantly. IDS does not offer total security solutions to networks. Instead, WLANs need other forms of security systems. A wireless IDS reinforces security features that already exist in a network. Users must recognize that technologies have focused on improving the use of wireless system. These changes bring about new complexities and security challenges. Thus, systems for detecting and reporting new threats can improve the effectiveness of a wireless network. References Base, R., Mell, P. (2001). Intrusion Detection Systems. Washington, DC: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Calabrese, T. (2003). Information Security Intelligence: Cryptographic Principles Applica tions. New York: Cengage Learning. Caswell, B., Beale, J., and Baker, A. (2007). Snort IDS and IPS Toolkit. Burlington, MA: Syngress. Hsieh, W., Lo, C., Lee, J., and Huang, L. (2004). The implementation of a proactive wireless intrusion detection system. Computer and Information Technology, 581- 586. Kent, K., Mell, P. (2006). SP 800-94, Guide to Intrusion Detection and Prevention (IDP) Systems. Washington, DC: National Institute of Standards and Technology. Kent, K., Warnock, M. (2004). Intrusion Detection Tools Report (4th ed.). Herndon, VA: Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center. Low, C. (2005). Understanding wireless attacks detection. Bethesda, MD: The SANS Institute. Mandia, K., Prosise, C., Pepe, M. (2003). Introduction to the Incident Response Process. California: Osborne. Max, T. (2009). Information Assurance Tools Report – Intrusion Detection Systems (6th ed.). Herndon, VA: Information Assurance Technology Analysis Center. Rhodes-Ousley, M., Bragg, R., and Strassberg, K. (2003). Network Security: The Complete Reference. New York: McGraw-Hill. Trost, R. (2010). Practical Intrusion Analysis: Prevention and Detection for the Twenty- First Century. Boston: Addison-Wesley. Vladimirov, A., Gavrilenko, V., Mikhailovsky, A. (2004). Counterintelligence: Wireless IDS Systems. Boston, MA: Pearson Education, Inc. Yang, H., Xie, L., Sun, J. (2004). Intrusion detection solution to wlans. Emerging Technologies. Frontiers of Mobile and Wireless Communication, 2, 553-556.

12 question Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

12 question - Essay Example Conversely, a staffing plan is an outline of what an organization will do to support the implementation of their choice of staffing strategy (Bechet 7). In this regard, a staffing strategy is long-term while a staffing plan is a short-term strategic plan. In addition, a staffing plan supports the implementation of a staffing strategy. The process first involves a clear understanding of my company in order to identify what drives changes in the staffing levels of the company. Thereafter, the next step will involve the identification of the factors that drive staffing needs in a company and the constraints regarding staffing. In addition, I would also define the changes in  a companys  roles and positions  before attempting to define the staffing levels. The next step will involve incorporating a combination of quantitative and qualitative techniques to determine the staffing levels in the company (Bechet 89). During staffing, uncontrollable staffing actions include positions for which candidates have accepted offers, but they have not assumed their roles yet; normal retirement; and voluntary turnover. On the other hand, controllable actions include early retirement programs, termination for cause, and layoffs or reduction in force (Bechet 55). Span of control is an appropriate example of a staffing ratio. In this case, this ratio relates the required number of supervisors required for a job in relation to the amount of workers under supervision, and not in relation to the amount of work done by these supervisors (Bechet 93). For example, in a job that requires 1,000 technicians, I would apply a span of control ratio of 1 supervisor for every 20 technicians. In effect, I would require 50 supervisors for this job. The first solution within the context of the 30,000-foot approach involves explaining to the managers the importance of the new approach in achieving

International Maritime Organization Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

International Maritime Organization - Assignment Example It includes number of safety measures like that of improving the electrical installation and machinery installation, life saving equipments, fire protection, navigation safety, carriage of hazardous goods, radiotelegraphy and radiotelephony, nuclear merchant ships, and the overall safety of the shipping. The primary function of IMO is to form legislation and establish global treaties relating marine pollution prevention and safety of shipping. The organisation keeps the legislation always up to date so that it becomes helpful for the concerned countries and this attempt has become a successful one. It is found that more than 98% of the international shipping traders follow these legislations. IMO’s another important function is to protect the environment from the hazards of shipping because the extracts of the shipping activities which flows to the sea is very harmful which creates water pollution. Thus, these set of laws helps to prevent the sea water from pollution. IMO also provides safety training to avoid accidents occurring in the sea. The measures taken by IMO have been successful and the rate of serious hazards rate has been reducing from the last twenty years. The oil from the ships which used to enter into the sea also has reduced by considerable extent. Since human resources are the most important resource of the shipping industry so it has become an important task of IMO to improve and develop the human resources. With the opening of the ISM Code, it has made safety a prime concern. This code explains the responsibility for safety and implementation of this code has become tremendously successful. The IMO has also implemented training programmes and has provided modern guidelines to their marine educational institutions through various technical programmes. Thus it can be concluded that IMO provides detailed guidelines and direction which are essential to

Advanced Economic Analysis (Economic efficiency) Essay

Advanced Economic Analysis (Economic efficiency) - Essay Example Efficiency of exchange requires that all allocations lie on the contract curve such that the marginal rate of substitution between each pair of goods (x and y) is identical for all consumers. Recall that each consumer maximises utility by attaining the point of tangency between the indifference curve and the budget line for goods x and y. Efficiency in production requires that each producer’s Marginal Rate of Technical Transformation between capital and labour is identical in the production of all goods and is achieved analogously to the efficiency of exchange. The requirement is that the Marginal rates of transformation between any two pairs of inputs be the same for all producers. This is ensured through profit maximization which ascertains equality between the MRTS and input price ratio. Efficiency in the Output market requires that the output mix be chosen such that the marginal rate of transformation between any two pair of goods is equal to every consumer’s marginal rate of substitution for the two goods. ... assuming that in the market for sugar initially the price and quantity are at their equilibrium or market clearing levels P* and Q* as shown in the diagram below (figure 1). Figure 1: The market clearing price and quantity of sugar There are two cases that need to be looked at: 1) the government intends to restrict the price above P* and 2) the government intends to restrict the price below P*. Consider the first case. At any price above P*, there will be excess supply and this excess supply will exert a downward pressure on the price to move back to the market clearing level P*. Suppose the government wants to restrict the price at P’>P*. The government has two main options. First, it can impose a regulation or a price control that does not allow producers to charge below P’. Alternatively it can buy off the necessary excess supply so that the price settles at P’. This is shown in the diagram below (figure 2). Figure 2: The government buys off the excess supply at price P' so that it now becomes the market clearing price Essentially, the government creates additional demand to sweep up the excess supply and thereby mitigates the downward pressure on prices. Apart from this, the options available to the government are those of putting a quota on the sugar producers and/or providing them monetary incentives to produce within the quota. Now, consider case 2) where the government intends to restrict the price at a level below P*. There will be excess demand at this price and thus prices will tend to rise upward. The first option the government has is to legally forbid producers from charging more. Suppose the government wants to restrict the price at a maximum of P’’. It can either legally prohibit higher prices. Or as an alternative, if it has access to

What Theological Or Ethical Principles Religion Essay

What Theological Or Ethical Principles Religion Essay As palliative care is specialized comfort care for people who are approaching the end of their lives, it is related to many ethical issues and concerns. Its framework is based on the moral values and principles of the professionals involved, patients concerned, their families and society as a whole. Palliative care is a very sensitive issue and it is important that it is administered in an appropriate manner. The main objective is to achieve the best possible quality of life, both for the person, and for their family. As such, palliative care is more than the provision of medical relief from pain and other distressing symptoms. It encompasses the psychological, social, emotional and spiritual aspects of end of life care. The palliative care philosophy affirms life and regards dying as a normal process. It neither aims to hasten nor postpone death. It endeavours to provide a team-based support system for the person, enabling them to live as fulfilled a life as possible for the time remaining; and to help their family cope during their loved ones illness and prepare for their bereavement. Care can be provided at home, in a hospital, an aged care facility or a palliative care unit. Above all, palliative care respects the dignity of the person who is dying, carefully honouring their story, wishes and needs. A discussion about palliative care doesnt necessarily mean that death is imminent, in fact, its far better to start thinking and talking about your palliative care options before you need them. Palliative care is sometimes required for a person whose death is very near a matter of hours or days while others will need care over a longer period of time, sometimes years. In this case their care needs will tend to be less intensive and more episodic. The need for palliative care does not depend on any particular medical diagnosis, but the combination of many factors assessed through the judgement of the person, their family, the palliative care team and other medical professionals, including the persons GP. Families and carers may also receive assistance from palliative care services in order to help them cope with emotional and social problems; wounded healers also need healing. To palliate is to cover with a cloak of care; to offer protection and provide relief in the last chapter of life. A palliative approach is a type of palliative care and recognizes that death is inevitable for all of us. For me writing, I am reminded of a comment Professor John Swinton made in response to a question at the recent CAPS conference: Wherever we are in life, there is a storm coming preparedness becomes about the solidity of our foundations. End of life questions of quality, planning and dignity are ethically and theologically grounded in solidifying our foundation. Clements (1990) wrote of this, explaining that as the person moving through life finds their roles stripped from them, and if they have no spiritual foundation, they may be found naked at the core. Residential Aged Care Facilities are often the place where people spend the final chapter of their life; people come into care because they are no longer able to look after themselves and most will have chronic illness alongside ageing. The focus of care in aged care facilities is to help people live well with their illness and frailty during their time spent there. This focus on living well is the essence of the palliative approach to care. Our goal is always to assess and treat pain and other symptoms thoroughly, in familiar surroundings and in the company of the persons loved ones. Theres a Japanese proverb of which I am particularly fond, A sunset can be just as beautiful as a sunrise. In my work Ive seen many beautiful sunsets in peoples lives. Sadly, Ive also witnessed some that arent so beautiful. With forward planning they may have been different. The sudden onset of illness has a way of turning our lives, and the lives of our family and friends, upside down at any age. Suddenly decisions can be very difficult to make; thats why planning ahead is important. If we know what a persons choices and wishes are, were able to respect them if something should happen and theyre unable to tell us themselves. Medical treatment to manage symptoms goes alongside comfort care and could include surgery or medications. The focus of a palliative approach is on living. That is why staff will want to set goals and to plan for how the person wants to live the rest of their life. The end-of-life stage is an extraordinarily profound and emotional time; and a person does not have to be religious to have spiritual considerations. Spirituality is about how we make meaning in our lives and feel connected to other things, people, communities and nature. Spiritual questions, beliefs and rituals are often central to people when they are in the final chapter of their lives. Ensuring that staff are informed about each residents unique spiritual considerations will allow them to be properly respected and addressed. Helping the person to tell their story can help them find meaning, affirmation and reassurance. To effectively palliate would mean that: family and staff communicate openly and with compassion with the person in care and with each other; that pain control and comfort is achieved as far as possible; that the resident has every opportunity to communicate with those who are important to them; and that their physical, emotional, social, cultural and spiritual needs are addressed and as far as possible met. One size cloak of care does not fit all (Hudson, 2012). When these elements are neglected the cloak becomes an empty cover up, leaving the resident exposed rather than protected. When the cloak does not fit it is uncomfortable to wear (Hudson 2012) but the vulnerable population of people in their fourth age may wear it anyway for fear of seeming ungrateful. An appropriate cloak of care must have a spiritual lining, and provide opportunities to reveal hidden hurt; forgive, reconcile; and find peace in loss through tasks of self-reflection and self-transcendence. Spiritual and pa storal care in this context aims for wholeness and spiritual growth. Palliative care should not palliate death itself denying the stark reality of death and dying with false platitudes and consolation can mask existential pain and real needs and further, make these taboo. From a Christian theology, death is recognized as inevitable and necessary. Ageing is an inescapable process that in part defines human existence and experience. From the moment we are born we age. Ageing only ends when we die. Experience of human life tells us that ageing and death are linked. The curse of Adam in Genesis 3 introduces this finitude to our lives. Our role as pastoral carers is one of empowerment, relationship and human presence. Care of people who are suffering means providing real spiritual care, where a closeness or intimacy is developed between the person who is suffering and the carer. This is often quite alien for health professionals, who, through the culture of residential aged care accreditation, are subscript to activity theory and a doing role that emphasizes action rather than being with (MacKinlay, 2006). This involves not a sense of competence, but a sense of humility in the awareness of our own inability to fix anything, beyond being with that person at their point of need. The vulnerability of being present to ageing and death constitutes a simple and costly demand to stay. Not to understand or explain just to stay; Or else to expire in terrible wilderness, lonely silence (Caldwell 1960). In MacKinlays (2006) observation that care of people who are suffering means to walk the journey of suffering with them, to be present with them and authentic in caring (p. 167) I am reminded of Jesus telling his disciples to watch and pray (Matthew 26:36-46)  to bear witness. We cannot cure the scriptural worst enemy of the fatal sting but we CAN care sincerely respecting that the cloak is not ours to fashion and that the chapter will always have an end (Hudson, 2012). Jesus, in becoming human and by his death and resurrection, defeats death and gives resurrection hope of a body free from ageing, decline and frailty, providing hope to all people, especially those in the fourth age. Terminal illnesses do not inhibit people the way they used to; a person burdened with such an illness can live a long and reasonably well life. Consequently terminal disease is tangled in an ethics web concerning limited health resources, contributing to funding and community tensions. These tensions intrinsically present ethical issue in the equity of service provision. Stemming from this is the sensitive nature of transitioning to palliative care, and further to end-of-life care. End of life can be defined as that part of life where a person is living with, and impaired by, an eventually fatal condition, even if the prognosis is ambiguous, or unknown. The World Health Organisation defines palliative care as an approach that improves the quality of life of individuals and their families facing the problems associated with life-threatening illness, through the prevention and relief of suffering by means of early identification and impeccable assessment and management of pain and other needs, physical, psychological and spiritual. There is further tension surrounding communication and generational knowledge. As with Jefferys Mrs Davis there can be enormous gaps in generational perspective which may compromise informed decisions. The onus for decision making in a palliative care team lies with the resident themselves so, ethically, whose responsibility is it to be sure that a decision is well-informed? And further, who can be unbiased in providing information so as not to manipulate a decision? Contradictory beliefs, conflicting principles, and competing duties between the parties involved in end-of-life care can tear the cloak. Beauchamps primary principles of health care include: non-maleficence, confidentiality, autonomy, truth telling, informed consent, and justice. Empathy underpins each of the principles above, and in this lies the difficulty. We cannot understand (Okon, 2006 cited by Hudson 2012), we cannot try the cloak on for size but sometimes just looking as though you could understand (Saunders, 1987 cited by Hudson, 2012) makes a world of difference and goes some way to thwart loneliness. In end-of-life care, our presence as pastoral carers is strengthened in enabling spiritual growth through the sharing of connectedness and ritual. A palliative approach is built on an understanding of the uniqueness of individuals life histories and personalities, and implies commitment to an individuals developmental tasks of ageing and coming to peace. To be able to reach such goals as personal satisfaction, the individual must have means of expressing themselves. Our role in the care of older people is to support and enable each individuals sense of meaning and self-expression; to affirm each individual as a person of great value, and loved by God. Aged care is a delicate balancing act in that functional decline, infirmities and diseases are often inherent in ageing. Because of the nature of chronic illness in the fourth age, a caring response in the face of incurable illness is respect, and commitment to personal autonomy and integrity. That is, our role in promoting overall comfort and wellbeing through positively reinforcing and enabling those with such prognoses, to live to their best quality of life. The goal of palliative care is to provide comfort and care when cure is no longer possible. This paradigm shift entails a shift in the definition of autonomy. People at the end stage of life are not playing by the same rules as you or I who would oblige patient autonomy and nod to expert medical opinion. Health professionals in this context need to be enablers not decision makers. Gradual functional decline and loss of control in autonomy are inevitable with age. Loss of control is painful and scary. Perhaps this kind of persona is paralleled only in infancy leaving our elders feeling a sense of childhood being forced upon them (Jeffery, 2001). Unfortunately admission to aged care often does not help these older adults to feel less like children. The danger and ethical dilemma here is the assumption of impaired autonomy; in that decisions are made and autonomy declared lost even when this is unnecessary, because it is a simpler, easier course of action we know what is good for you (Jeffery, 2001). The basis of this kind of paternalism is beneficence its motivation is to act in a persons best interest so that no one gets harmed; making harm or burden the reason for intervention. Some loss of autonomy is inevitable in later life and steps have to be taken to act in the incompetent persons best interest, sometimes with their wishes recorded in living wills or advance care plans. Often autonomy presupposes someone, who acts in accordance with such a pre-conceived plan, and who is rational and independent; but autonomy may be better understood in terms of identity and self expression of values (Jeffery, 2001). A written advance care plan is about ensuring peace of mind. Effective advance care planning can avoid an unwanted transfer to a hospital. But even such counteractions as advance care planning can be problematic as these are based on todays situation and forecasted futures i.e. these cannot take into account tomorrows medical breakthrough. This being the case, there arise new ethical dilemmas e.g. do we have a right as people acting in someones best interests to tweak what they have proclaimed to want for themselves? Would they have wanted what they said they wanted were they deciding now? When autonomy is understood as a property of action or a capacity of persons (Reich, 1995); impaired autonomy, becomes a hopelessly limiting self fulfilling prophecy in that it diminishes à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¦the opportunities of those who lack certain abilities or capacities (Caplan, 1992). Autonomy needs to be seen as a way of valuing the human person, respecting them and recognizing their right to make decisions as the master of themselves. Personhood is not compromised or incapacitated by end stage life we are who we remember one another to be an essential aspect of being human is to care and be cared for; interdependence is a non-accidental feature of the human condition. Being human, we are bearers of the image of God (Gen 1:26). This image demonstrates our capacity for relationship with God, and with the rest of humanity (Green, 197). This capacity for relationship does not diminish as we age. If autonomy is taken as valuing ones uniqueness and the capacity to give gifts, it is a search for meaning in life authenticity. That is: as Jeffery writes; authentic choice is the autonomy of action that requires meaningful choices to be offered and identified with which equates to ones values and essentially what they stand for. If this is how we understand autonomy then this sheds new light on impaired autonomy. In effect we lose the ability to stand for what we stand for. In this case, autonomy becomes less about incompetence and more about advocacy in helping the person to reconnect their essential values to their choices and allowing them to give meaning to their life. By honouring this form of authentic control rather than a control via acquiescent consent or accept it or leave it culture we enable fulfillment and empowerment of the persons dignity. Being a resident in a nursing home may conjure conceptions of a twisted and limited self, and is destructive of autonomy. This is partly because the environment is thick with congruity and thin with community (Jeffery 2001); and partly because decision making is made nearly obsolete. The desire to control is moderated by the self-realization of the possibility of not being able to process all the relevant information: as the person psychologically shrinks, so too does their autonomy and self faith. Further, someone faced with a life shock can find their autonomy impaired in that they find themselves in a dramatically different world where previous life plans have no meaning and even stable values disappear (Jeffery 2001). In such settings autonomy becomes about the ability to make meaningful choices. An older person may not be able to carry out what they decide, but they are able to recognize commitments and to be themselves (Jeffery, 2001). As partners in end-of-life care, aged care staff must take into account such ethical dilemmas as autonomy and intergenerational tension in the way physical care is given; by focusing on presence, meaningful experience, journeying together, listening, connecting, creating openings, and engaging in reciprocal sharing.  Affirmative relationships support residents, enabling them to respond to their spiritual needs. Barriers to appropriate palliative care include lack of time, personal, cultural or institutional factors, and professional educational needs.  By addressing these, we may make an important contribution to the improvement of patient care towards the end of life.

Nanotechnology Essay examples -- Science Technology Essays

Nanotechnology Nanotechnology is the development of atoms in a certain object. Nanotechnology has become very popular in the past few years. It is a way to rebuild the systems of life. To make systems move faster than ever before. Nanometer is about 10 times the size of an atom. Each of these has a huge effect on a system. Still there are questions out there that keep people wondering how important nanotechnology is to us. Many wonder how will it affect them and if we should continue this research. I myself wondered about nanotechnology. After researching this topic I have learned new and interesting facts to help me understand the entire concept. Nanotechnology is defined as â€Å"the development and use of devices that have a size of only a few nanometers. Research has been carried out into very small components many of which depend on quantum effect and many involve movement of very small number of electrons in their action. Such devices would act faster than larger components. Considerable interest has been shown in the production of structures on a molecular level by suitable sequences of chemical reactions or lithographic techniques. It is also possible to manipulate individual atoms to surfaces using a variant of the atomic force microscope to make, for example, high density storage devices.† (Joseph Andersen’s Guide to Physics). In this definition we find that nanotechnology is very complex but as we continue to pursue this extraordinary idea, we find that it is very important to us in many ways. Nanotechnology is the development of devices that build our computer systems and aid in our everyday lives. T ake your families computer for example, the entire system of your computer is made up of millions upon millions of tin... ...ducts to make our lives that much easier and that much safer. Look around you and see if you can guess all that has been helped or bettered by nanotechnology. From your computer to your cell phone, all of these things are available to you because of nanotechnology. Tell me this, could you live without them? Bibliography Andersen, Joseph â€Å"Nanotechnology definition† 23 July, 2004 http://physics.about.com/cs/glossary/g/nanotechnology.htm Schmergel, Greg â€Å"Nanotechnology Now† 23 July, 2004 http://nanotech-now.com/ U.S. Department Of Health and Human Services â€Å"Cancer Nanotechnology† 23 July, 2004 http://otir.nci.nih.gov/brochure.pdf â€Å"What is Nanotechnology?† 23 July, 2004 http://www.nano.gov/html/facts/whatIsNano.html â€Å"What is Nanotechnology?† 23 July, 2004 http://www.lanl.gov/mst/nano/definition.html

Holden’s Trust Issues

Throughout the book Holder shows multiple signs of people trying to help him, but he ultimately pushes them away. I believe that this stems from his original problem when he lost both of his brothers. He trusted that his family would stay and protect him, but when Allele died and D. B. â€Å"sold out,† his parents sent him away. So to Holder, the word trust means betrayal. When Allele passed away, Holder thought that Allele had left him.He knew in his mind that Allele did not die on purpose but Holder could not decide who else to blame. He â€Å"broke all the windows in the garage†¦ Even tried to break all the windows on the station wagon†¦ But [his] hand was already broken. † (Slinger 39) And to literally add insult to injury, the fact that he could no longer put his hand into a fist constantly reminded him of Allies departure. According to Holder, It had not been long after Allies death when D. B. Left. When D. B. Left, to Holder, that was the ultimate betra yal. At the time of the narrative, D.B. Lived â€Å"out in Hollywood†¦ Being a prostitute† (2). The one word Holder used the most was probably phony. When his brother sold himself out, Holder probably became furious for leaving and called him a phony. Holder's bitterness towards â€Å"phoniness† probably came from the betrayal he received from his brother. But this still did not anger him as much as the betrayal he received from their parents. Holder believes that his parents hate him because they keep shipping him to different schools after he continues to get kicked out of them.He thinks that they are disappointed and ashamed of him. At the beginning of the story, he predicted that they will be â€Å"pretty irritated about [getting kicked out again]†¦ [since] this is the fourth school [he's] gotten kicked out of† (9). He thinks that his parents have given up on him and Just keep sending him to different schools to keep him out of trouble. Due to his emotional trauma, Holder cannot trust anyone anymore. He tries to make friends with a lot of people throughout the book, but something always came p that would not allow him to.This probably came from his belief that he will be betrayed and humiliated if he got to close. So he tried to be friends, but his subconscious made excuses to push these people away. He begins realizes this at the end of the book when he begins to leave New York, but his sister, Phoebe, tries to go with him. He realizes that him pushing his sister away is Just what his family did to him, and he does not want to scar his sister as well, so he decides to stay. Holder's Trust Issues By administer

presentation on Ancient Greek Vases (Archaic period) essays

presentation on Ancient Greek Vases (Archaic period) essays What is the archaic period in terms of art? The archaic period is a crucial time in the evolution of greek culture and is well known for its innovations, especially in art. Artists were pushed to develop their skills in new ways and development from this time was continuous and unbroken. Trade was increasing and so the greeks had more contact with non-greeks and their artistic styles. They were influenced by the ornaments coming into greece from the near east and you can clearly see this in the new styles that formed. There was an increase in wealth in general and this lead to a greater show of splendour in festivals that could not be matched by the vase painters, therefore forcing them to adapt and improved their style. The style at the time was the geometric. See sheet for example. This vase is an amphora and is over 1 Â ½ meters high so a very impressive piece of art. It was used as a grave marker. Although the vase is huge the pattern on it is small and intricate. It has been split up into a series of friezes using strong black lines grouped into threes. In some places the patterns are very simple, like diamonds and triangles, whereas at other parts of the vase they get more complicated like some of the meanders you can see. The patterns are usually sharp and angular and the lines usually vertical or horizontal. The artist has used the patterning to emphasise the different structural parts of the vase, the cylindrical neck, expanding shoulder and wide belly tapering to the foot of the vase. There are two friezes on the neck that differ from the rest of the friezes. These depict grazing deer and reclining goats. Although these are representations of living creatures there is no hint of life or movement. The animals have been styalised into patterns and disciplined to fit into the decorative scheme. The focal point of the vase is between the handles. Here the frieze is larger and depicts mourners expressing thei...

Expressing a Specific Quantity In French

Expressing a Specific Quantity In French This is the second part of my lesson on French quantities. First, read about  du, de la and des, how to express  unspecific quantities in French,  so you follow the logical progression of this lesson. So now, lets take a look at specific quantities. 1 - Un, Une = One and the Numbers This one is quite easy. When you are talking about a whole item, use: un ( masculine word) to say one. Ex: Jai un fils (I have one son).une ( feminine word) to say one. Ex: jai une fille ( I have one daughter).a cardinal number, like deux, or 33678  Ex: jai deux filles (I have two daughters). Note that un and une are also indefinite articles in French, meaning a/ an in English.   2 - More Specific Quantities = Expressions of Quantity Are Followed by De or D ! This is the part that usually confuses students. I hear these  mistakes several times a day during my Skype lessons. Its definitely one of the most common French mistakes. Expressions of quantity are followed by de (or d), never du, de la, de l, or des. In English, you say I would like a little bit OF cake, not a little bit SOME cake dont you? Well, its exactly the same thing in French. So, in French, after an expression of quantity, we use â€Å"de† or â€Å"d† ( word starting with a vowel). Ex: Un verre de vin (a glass OF wine, NOT DU, you do not say â€Å"a glass some wine†)Ex: Une bouteille de champagne (a bottle of champagne)Ex: Une carafe d’eau (a pitcher of water – de becomes d’ vowel)Ex: Un litre de jus de pomme (a liter of apple juice)Ex: Une assiette de charcuterie (a plate of cold cuts)Ex: Un kilo de pommes de terre (a kilo of potatoes)Ex: Une botte de carottes (a bunch of carrots)Ex: Une barquette de fraises (a box of strawberries)Ex: Une part de tarte (a slice of pie). And do not forget all the adverbs of quantity, that also specify quantities : Ex: Un peu de fromage (a bit of cheese)Ex: Beaucoup de lait (a lot of milk).Ex: Quelques morceaux de lards (a few pieces of bacon). Note that in spoken French, this â€Å"de† is very much glided, so almost silent. OK, now that I made this very clear, I am going to confuse you even more†¦ bear  with me. You could say je voudrais un morceau du gà ¢teau au chocolat. Why? Because in these cases, you are running into another French grammar rule: the du here is not a partitive article, meaning some, but a contraction of the definite article with de, de le du.   It makes sense when you stay focusses on the context: Je voudrais du gà ¢teau some cake, I dont care how much.Je voudrais un morceau de gà ¢teau a piece of cake.Je voudrais un morceau du gà ¢teau au chocolat a piece of the chocolate cake, this specific one Im looking at right now, not the strawberry cake next to it, but that chocolate cake (Imagine Cookie Monster, it will help)†¦ BTW, you say un gà ¢teau AU chocolat because its made with chocolate and other ingredients, not just chocolate. The chocolate is a flavor, but there is also flour, sugar, butter. Youd say un pà ¢tà © de canard because its a way to prepare the duck. Remove the duck and youre left with only spices. But I digress...So now, for the last part of this lesson, lets see what happens when the quantity is zero, and with adjectives of quantities.

Marketing Issues Affecting Telecommunications Services Assignment

Marketing Issues Affecting Telecommunications Services - Assignment Example Secondly, the traditional specialist basis of the British telecommunication system has given way to a more conglomerate structure which has eroded the traditional distinctions between the major areas of telecom. The UK telecommunication system is in midst of a period of major structural changes as all types of telecom institutions are diversifying their range of business under the impact of greatly intensified competitive pressures, international pressures, major changes in the structure and style of regulation, technology and changes in the market environment. The major factor creating structural change in the telecoms institutions is competition: the competitive environment has intensified considerably. The UK represents a case study of the power of competitive pressures to induce a structural change in a telecommunication system. The globalization of telecommunication markets and the increasing integration of markets both domestically and internationally create pressures on regulation when it is not competitively neutral as between institutions within a national system and between countries (Palmer, 2008). Telecommunication institutions such as Nokia need to identify major areas in the sector that will lead to financial success at times of stiff competition. Nokia needs to diversify its services to the international market. This is referred to as internationalization of services and it goes beyond the basic nations of trade and exporting to encompass all aspects of the business activity that go beyond national borders. Most telecommunication institutions tend to focus on marketing in a domestic context. For the next five years, the Nokia needs to have a thorough understanding of their target market including its size and the share they hope they can realistically achieve.  

Ethics in Public sector - USA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics in Public sector - USA - Essay Example Intergovernmental transfers are explicit transfers of funds from the state and Federal governments. The Federal government uses numerous different government programs to implement intergovernmental transfers. Temporary Assistance to Needy Families (TANF) and Medicaid are just a few examples of the numerous Federal government programs which provide support for local government expenditure on financial assistance to low-income households and health care. Intergovernmental transfers have a positive effect on local residents and businesses because they enable the provision of essential services. Essential services improve the welfare of residents and provide local businesses with an accommodating environment for carrying out their activities. They include public safety, sanitation, education, environmental and natural resource management, transportation, public health, economic development, and capital expenditure on infrastructure. The amount of Intergovernmental transfers allocated to various local authorities varies considerably. It is not a reliable source of revenue for local governments, and the Federal government provides intergovernmental transfers based on need and merit among the jurisdictions of local governments, as well as the national economic circumstances. ... in terms of property tax. Property taxes account for the majority portion of tax revenue collected by local governments. It may be levied on personal property or real estate. These include buildings, land, and personal improvements. Local governments mainly use revenue from property tax to fund public schools, therefore, serving to facilitate the provision of quality education. They also use it to finance the provision of social services and amenities. Property taxes levied on businesses reduce their revenue and profits. Businesses do not benefit from them because their main use is funding of public schools at the expense of improving infrastructure. Property taxes are relatively reliable as a source of revenue for local governments because they do not fluctuate significantly in response to changing economic circumstances. Local governments usually calculate it as the property’s fair market value times a tax rate times an assessment ratio, and may adjust the tax rate to mainta in steady revenue even when economic circumstances are unfavorable. Sales and gross receipts tax are the third major sources of revenue for local governments in the U.S. Local governments impose sales tax on the consumers of products produced by various businesses, whereas they levy gross receipts tax on a company’s total gross revenue. Sales and gross receipts tax are unpopular among residents and businesses respectively. This is because sales tax makes goods more expensive for consumers and gross receipts taxes reduce the income and profits of businesses. Revenue from sales and gross receipts tax vary in accordance with economic circumstances. This is because the income of businesses and the ability of residents to spend on

Managed Healthcare Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 2

Managed Healthcare - Assignment Example Information technology enables faster acquisition of test results as well as better forms of treatment being administered to the patients. The managed care sector is therefore keen on ensuring that they offer quality services to their patients (Kongstvedt, 2012). There are various factors in the managed care industry. These factors include the government, the employers and the employees as well as the providers. The process of providing managed care is driven by two factors which are the federal government policy and market-driven business practices. Each of this is important when it comes to care provision since the law has to be followed. On the other hand, an organization also has to consider whether it is making profits or not and just how up to standard their equipment is. This will ensure that despite the provision of managed care going on, they make revenue and stay up to

Electronic Communications Essay Example for Free

Electronic Communications Essay As time goes by, the world is changing rapidly; so are its people and the technology itself. Technology brings about a lot of amendments in people’s life. It is getting more advanced from day to day especially when it comes to Information Technology or in this case; electronic communications. Back then, mailing was seemingly to be one of the most vital ways of communication especially for the world communication. In contrast, nowadays people are more prone to communicate the easier ways; by staring on their electronic accounts on their computers or through their iPods and sending short messages from their iPhones or Blackberries. Why is it so? In my slight opinion, this growing trend gives a lot of dominances in today’s life, which are helping people to save their time and money, create borderless communication and make it easy for people to gain prominent information. First and foremost, the world today is turning more to electronic communications like e-mail, Facebook and Short Message System (SMS) and other electronic communications is because they will prevent people from wasting their time and money. How do these work? As we all know, sending a letter to someone will take a lot of processes and will eventually take a long time and waste a lot of money. On the contrary, electronic communications entail only the tip of our fingers so as an electronic device to work with. Then, what is left for us to do is just, typing! Has that not taken a much lesser time and money? For instance, an e-mail only requires us to turn on our laptops, open our accounts on the website and then, you can start write your letter and send them through e-mails. In short, with the very unstable economy nowadays, having these kinds of communications will ease everyone’s burden especially on their daily expenses and also their valuable time will not be wasted. Secondly, the growing trend of electronic communications is making it possible for a borderless communication which is vital these days. Why is it vital? A lot of things require borderless communication; in education field, businesses and even daily activities, especially when foreigners involved. For example, when trading with foreigners, in order to communicate with each other, they need Skype or Yahoo Messenger as mediums to interact and be able to do the trade at a faster rate as compared to by using ‘snail mails’ or regular letters. Skype is the perfect example of an electronic communication which will cut he boundary that has separated each country and make communication between two different countries from around the world possible. In conclusion, it is crucial to have these electronic communications in today’s age of globalization as they make it easier for people around the world to connect with each other. Last but not least, the dominance of these electronic communications is people could gain prominent information more efficiently than before. As there are lesser borders between countries, the efficiency of getting much more relevant and prominent information is higher. People will have the ability to provide and gain information effectively through Facebook or Twitter accounts. For example, international artists who have planned to do a world concert can inform their fans about it through their Facebook account. Likewise, the fans also can ask just about anything to their favourite artists regarding the concert. Hence, this explains why people make these electronic communications as a huge trend these days and in order to keep the trend ongoing, each person has the responsibility to adapt with the technology itself. In a nutshell, the growing trend of using electronic communications is inevitably vital in people’s lives as it gives out a lot of benefits as stated in above paragraphs. So, to avoid ourselves from not getting the chance of keeping up with the changing trends, we have to try our best to adapt ourselves with the rapid changes. I believe that the electronic communication trend is a trend which is very important to be followed as the world is getting more advanced day to day.

Othello: Is its Enduring Universality Explainable Essay example -- Oth

Othello: Is its Enduring Universality Explainable?  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   The Shakespearean drama Othello is recognized by literary critics, with few exceptions, as having a universal appeal. What are the reasons for this universality?    The universality of the play perhaps depends on the universal appeal of its main characters, for example Iago the antagonist. In the essay â€Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello† Robert B. Heilman explains the universality of the antagonist:    As the spiritual have-not, Iago is universal, that is, many things at once, and of many times at once. He is our contemporary, and the special instances of his temper and style – as distinct from the Iagoism to which all men are liable – will be clear to whoever is alert to Shakespeare’s abundant formulations. Seen in limited and stereotyped form, he is the villain of all melodrama. He is Elizabethan – as Envy or Machiavel. And to go further back still, we see in how many parts of Dante’s Inferno he might appear. He could be placed among the angry and violent. But his truer place is down among those who act in fraud and malice – the lowest category of sinner who on earth had least of spiritual substance and relied most on wit. (342)    To the modern audience the play’s biggest shortcoming may be the inability of the audience to relate to the protagonist. In the volume Shakespeare and Tragedy John Bayley explains why the modern audience has difficulty identifying with the protagonist in this play:    Othello’s need to kill Cassio and Desdemona belongs only to him; not only because we know it to be deluded, but because the nature and extent of the delusion is such that we cannot imagine ourselves becoming involved in it. We cannot ju... ... Heilman, Robert B. â€Å"The Role We Give Shakespeare.† Essays on Shakespeare. Ed. Gerald Chapman. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1965.    -- -- --.   Ã¢â‚¬Å"Wit and Witchcraft: an Approach to Othello.† Shakespeare: Modern Essays in Criticism. Ed. Leonard F. Dean. Rev. Ed. Rpt. from The Sewanee Review, LXIV, 1 (Winter 1956), 1-4, 8-10; and Arizona Quarterly (Spring 1956), pp.5-16.       Levin, Harry. General Introduction. The Riverside Shakespeare. Ed. G. Blakemore Evans. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1974.    Shakespeare, William. Othello. In The Electric Shakespeare. Princeton University. 1996. http://www.eiu.edu/~multilit/studyabroad/othello/othello_all.html No line nos.    Wilkie, Brian and James Hurt. â€Å"Shakespeare.† Literature of the Western World. Ed. Brian Wilkie and James Hurt. New York: Macmillan Publishing Co., 1992.   

Wipro Ltd the New Face of Global Competition

A GOOD LEADER [AN ASSESSMENT OF ANDREW MSAMI LEADERSHIP] (FEBRUARY 2011) [PEMO CONSULT LTD] ANDREW SIMON MSAMI HQ 23DAY 11338 CONTENTS CONTENTS2 CHAPTER 1:3 INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO ANDREW MSAMI PERSONAL LEADERSHIP3 CHAPTER24 GOOD LEADERS: LITERATURE REVIEW4 Leadership4 Leaders as Learners4 Leaders and Legacy5 Leaders Supports6 Leaders and Decision Making6 Servant Leadership6 Influential Leaders7 Group Leadership7 Leaders listens8 CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION OF FINDING ANDREW MSAMI PERSONAL LEADERSHIP9 CHAPTER 3: DISCUSSION OF FINDING ANDREW MSAMI PERSONAL LEADERSHIP9 3. ASSESSMENT ON LEADERSHIP LEGACY9 3. 1. Leadership Legacy9 3. 1. 1. What Leadership Legacy Does Andrew Msami Leave Behind? 9 3. 2. Andrew Msami Leadership Characteristics and Style13 3. 2. 1. Personal Characteristics as a Leader13 3. 3. Andrew Msami Leadership Style16 CHAPTER 4:19 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS19 BIBLIOGRAPHY21 ANNEX22 SAMPLE QUESTIONNAIRE22 CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND TO ANDREW MSAMI PERSONAL LEADERSHIP This paper is divided into four chapters. Chapter one provides an overview, chapter two offers a literature review on good leadership. This chapter defines leadership and present different perspectives of leadership and what a good leader is. Chapter three gives an analysis of Andrew Msami Personal leadership to determine whether he fits to be referred to as a good leader. In this chapter the author analyzes issues related to leadership legacy based on an online assessment. [1] Key elements of the assessment in terms of leadership legacy include; handling difficult situations, representation of team members, motivation of others, judgment, and creativity linked with being a visionary leader. Further, Andrew Msami leadership was assessed in terms of personal characteristics to include; physical characteristics(energy and stability), personality (honesty, integrity, enthusiasm and independence), social characteristics associated with (ability to combine work and fun, support and cooperate with the team he works for, possession of diplomatic skills, and being tactful), work related characteristics (achievement, pursuit of goals, strictness, perseverance, and persistence), social background linked to the influence of education, levels of exposure and ability to see things from other peoples perspectives. Andrew Msami was further assessed in terms of leadership styles with particular references of whether his Leadership Style is People Oriented (POLS) or Task Oriented (TOLS). The analyses here were conducted to determine whether Andrew Msami is a good leader informing areas of growth for his future practices as a leader. Lastly, Chapter four coins out the conclusions and recommendations for Andrew Msami leadership based on the discussion of findings in chapter three. CHAPTER2 GOOD LEADERS: LITERATURE REVIEW Leadership Leadership is the process that enhances the ability to identify and manage changes leading organizations to success. Jacobson defines leadership as moving organization out of the box so that it is able to sustain forces of change that challenges its long term existence. According to Drucker[2], the very best leaders are first and foremost effective managers. Leadership identifies and guide the way to success. Management then defines and implements the how to success. Drucker further contend that those who seek to lead but fail to manage will become either irrelevant or dangerous not only to the organization but to the society. A leader without the support of management in the form of Planning, Organizing, Staffing, Directing, Coordinating, Reporting and Budgeting (POSCoRB)[3] functions, finds it difficult to achieve desired future. Unless the desired future is effectively managed, it is likely that little will be achieved in terms of goals and objectives set through good leaders. The leaders see the horizon but unless something is properly done within the present, and that must be informed by guidance offered by the leader then the future is blurred. Blanchard et al were correct to say that â€Å"in managing people it is easier to loosen up than tighten up†[4] Although am aware that people cannot be managed, in some respect and from management point of view we cannot divorce from the fact that people to some extent need to be managed. People are an important resource for any organization to be led rather than managed. Unless expectations are set right and guided from the beginning with constant monitoring, supportive leadership and management, changing the undesired culture within the organization due to misplaced leadership and management, to re-align people to new thinking and ways of doing the right things is a difficult pre-occupation. Leaders as Learners The very best leaders are learners; it is true that once you stop learning you stops leading[5]. I am yet to find out whether I am leading based on my ever quest for learning. Ever since I knew a book I kept on learning and he moment I find myself in an environment that cannot allow me to learn I quit. â€Å"When you stop learning you stop developing and you stop growing†¦ and that is the end of a leader†[6] I always search for new knowledge which can only be found in an environment that permits learning to happen. Here is a paradox, to be a leader you need to keep on learning, but it is equally true that â€Å"quitters never win and winners never quit†[7]. As long as effective leadership is supported by a learning environment that generate new knowledge and open up opportunities to test the workability of the knowledge leadership and those seeking to lead can thrive. I believe there is no harm in quitting so as finding an environment where one will be able to learn and continue being a leader. What I am trying to suggest here is that my quitting is focused at positioning myself to continue wining. Competition in the contemporary world is immensely stiff and a competitive edge is earned through learning. Eric Hoffer once said â€Å"in times of change learners inherit the earth while the learned find themselves beautifully equipped for a world that no longer exists. †[8] Unless one will constantly study and practice[9] one will easily become irrelevant. Thus quitting workplaces that does not support studying and practicing of new knowledge is not a place for learners but rather for the learned. If those places can be transformed into learning organization fine but if they cannot one should not waste his time and energy in such environment. Leaders and Legacy Good leaders leave a positive legacy: According to Munkumba leaders must leave a legacy for which people will remember them once they are gone. He further challenged leaders that if they want something one never had, one must do something he or she never did[10]. A leader must always find new ideas and turn them into realities. Brooks defines leadership legacy as the sum total of the difference one makes in other people’s life, directly or indirectly, formally or informally. To leave a positive legacy, Brooks suggest that a leader must be able to control his or her relationship as well as how he or she does things now. Today’s leader’s relations and actions determine his future and what he will be remembered for. Leaders Supports Good leaders are supportive. Leaders have great responsibilities in helping their people achieve goals and objectives set by the organization. A leader can only be successful if people under him or her are successful. The mutual relationship between subordinates’ success and success of the leaders call leaders to tirelessly provide the needed support for their subordinates to successes. Leaders and Decision Making Good leaders are decisive, they identify problems and opportunities resolve and take advantage of them. A leader careful makes a choice from available alternatives to inform the decision to be made, given the consequences that each decision made might bring, often leaders fail to make decisions due to fear of failure. A good leader thus is the one who has the courage to popular and unpopular decisions. A decision postponed or delayed is a problem deferred and an opportunity lost, effective leaders cannot afford that. A leader should be able to create a system that support quick and effective decision making processes to keep the organization rolling. This will be done by development of criteria for testing or informing any decision to be made, to check whether it fit with; organization goals, values, achievement of desired results, resources allotted and prospects for success. Servant Leadership Good leaders are servant leaders: leadership means services to others. Servant leaders are supportive and participative. Servant leaders are social democrats; they are there to meet needs of their followers through involvement and provision of the needed assistance. A biblical image of a servant leader is the one that mirrors a shepherd who is there for the sake of his or her flock and not the flock for the shepherd. In John chapter 10: 11 â€Å"†¦. a good shepherd lays down his life for the sheep†[11] this quality of leaders are difficult to find. There would have been no leadership gaps in households, firms, communities and nations if most of us who are leaders today would have been able to give up our time, resources, knowledge, for the would be future leaders. Current shepherds are so selfish herding the flock into destruction. Once a self-seeking shepherd is no more, emerges a new shepherd from the scattered flock, without skills leading the flock to nowhere, the curse continues. Influential Leaders Good leaders are influential; Maxwell formula for influence[12] is as follows; INFLUENCE | = |COMPETENCE | + |CHARACTER | + |CONNECTION | |RESPONDENT NUMBER†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ | | |YES | |Q1: Physical Characteristics | | | | | | | | |   | | | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â ‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. |Because of what he has achieved so far. | | | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |Q2c: Coult you say Andrew Msami is a person of integrity? | | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |YES |   | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. |   | | | |YES |   | | | | | | |YES |   | | | | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. |He can relate/identify himself with people of various levels of education, status, background and get along with them very well. | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |Q3c: Is Andrew Msami ready to cooperate on issues of importance to others? | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |YES |   | | | | | | |Q3d: Is there anything important to your life that can be attributed to support received from Andrew Msami? | |He has experience on how life is like from the rural community in Tanzania to the big cities in the developed countries. |YES |   | | | | | |YES |   | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚ ¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |Q3f: Will you be attracted to offer any support to Andrew Msami? | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |YES |   | | | | | |YES |   | | | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | | |Q3h: Do you consider Andrew Msami as tactful in attending issues related to other peoples' feelings? |A |F |O | |†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã ¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. | |A |F |O |S | | | | | | | | | A |F |O |S |N | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | |Instructions for Q1 to Q35 | | | | | | | |Q12: Andrew Msami will tolerate postponment and uncertainty | | | | |SCORE |T-task |   | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | |P-people |   | | | | | | |Q13: Andrew Msami will speak for the group if there were visitors present | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |S | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q14: Andrew Msami will keep the work moving at a rapid pace | | | | | |KEY TO QUESTIONS | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | |A: Always | | | | | | | |Q15: Andrew Msami will turn the mebers loose on a job and let them go to it | | | | |F: Frequently | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | |O-Occassionally | | | | | | | |Q16: Andrew Msami will settle conflicts when they occur in the team | | | | | |S-Seldom | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | |N-Never | | | | | | | |Q17: Andrew Msami will be swamped by details | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q18: Andrew Msami will represent the team at outside meetings | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q19: Andrew Msami will be reluctant to allow the members any freedom of action | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q20: Andrew Msami will decide what should be done and how it should be done | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q21: Andrew Msami will push for increased production | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q22: Andrew Msami will let some members have authority which he could keep | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q23: Things will always turn out as Andrew Msami had predicted | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q24: Andrew Msami allow the team a high degree of initiative | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q25: Andrew Msami will assign team members to particular tasks | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q26: Andrew Msami will be willing to make changes | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q27: Andrew Msami will ask team members to work harder | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | |Q28: Andrew Msami wil encourage team members to exercise good judgement | | | | | | | | | | | | |A: Always |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q29: Andrew will schedule the work to be done | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q30: Andrew Msami will refuse to explain own actions | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q31: Andrew Msami would persuade others that his ideas are to their advantage | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q32: Andrew Msami wi ll permit team members to set own pace | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q33: Andrew Msami will urge the team to beat its previous record | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | |Q34: Andrew will act without consulting the team | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |A |F |O |S |N | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | —————â⠂¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€Ã¢â‚¬â€œ [1] www. yourleadershiplegacy. com [2] Drucker P. F (2008): xi-xii [3] Dale E. (1978): 4 [4] Blanchard K, et al 2010: 42 [5] Blanchard K, et ale 2010: 33 [6] Harvard Business Review April 2011: 86. Experience from Lafley A. G former Procter and Gamble CEO. [7] Blanchard K 2010:3 8] Professor Munkumba (2011): GM 501 Learning Organization Handouts-unpublished Esami Arusha. [9] Ibid 5 [10] Munkumba 2010: 73 [11] Barker (2008: 1644) [12] Maxwell (2008: 45) [13] Jacobson Ralph 2000: xi [14] Draft R. L ,2006: 741 [15] Draft R. L, 2006. [16] Professor Munkumba Lectures GM 501 January 2011 [17] www. yourleadershiplegacy. com [18] The original Category would have read Ambassador. [19] Theft, overpricing and buying and issuing of ghost good from the food store involving my immediate followers and some senior managers was the cause skyrocketing food cost. [20] The Original Category would have read Advocate. [21] Original Category would have read Peoples Mover [22] Origina l Category would have read Truth Seeker 23] Ramadan Mvungi was the chef then, currently one of my best friends running his own restaurant in Arusha City Centre. [24] Nicholson Nigel (1995: 116-118). [25] Adapted from Hosking cited in Nicholson Nigel (1995: 284). [26] Christer Mapunda world Vision Tanzania Headquarters 2004. [27] I do not believe to be a good listener as they say I need a lot of improvement in this area. [28] Griffin Zakayo is currently the Director of Monitoring and Evaluation World Vision Tanzania. [29] World Vision Tanzania Quality Assurance Director 2005 to 2008. [30] Draft R. L 2006: 687-688. [31] Andrew Msami worked with World Vision between May 2003 to May 2006 and PINGO’s Forum from June 2006 to December 2010.