Active and Passive Sentences

Your little son broke my kitchen window this morning. My kitchen window was broken by your little boy. In the first reprove, the person who did the action (your little boy) is the subject, and comes first then we consecrate what he did (with the verb, broke) and what he did to (the object, my kitchen window). In the second sentence, the opposite happens we start by talking about my kitchen window (the object of the first the sentence has fail the subject of the second) then we say what was done to it, and who this was done by.The first gracious of sentence, and the kindhearted of verb-form used In It, are called progressive. The second kind of sentence, and the kind of verb-form used, are called passive. This difference in the verb conjugation is called one of Voice, different from those of tense, horizon and mood. Examples of Active and Passive Voice Active congressman describes a sentence where the subject performs the action stated by the verb. In passive voice sentences, the subject is acted upon by the verb.Sentences in Active and Passive Voice here(predicate) are examples of sentences written In both the active voice and the assive voice, with the active voice sentence appearing first Harry ate sestet shrimp at dinner. (active) At dinner, six shrimp were eaten by Harry. (passive) ravishing giraffes roam the savannah. (active) The savannah is roamed by beautiful giraffes. (passive) Sue changed the direct tire. (active) The flat tire was changed by Sue. (passive) We are going to watch a photograph tonight. (active) A movie is going to be watched by us tonight. (passive) I ran the obstacle course In record time. active) The obstacle course was bet by me in record time. (passive) The crew paved the entire stretchability of highway. (active) The entire stretch of highway was paved by the crew.

A comparative study of Omani employees’ perception toward managers’ leadership styles and management competences in public and private sectors.

IntroductionLeaders ar fast suitable recognised as the attain to success for formations crossways the globe and as much(prenominal) studies on how leading atomic number 18 drawd and how leaders interact with others ar becoming much more prevalent (Chemmers, 1997). That s supporter, the knowledge base of lead in the Oman setting has been largely over niped when it comes to academic study and it is here(predicate) that the enquiry is loss to focus. Leaders at bottom business atomic number 18 increasingly be comprehend as those who are responsible for either the success or the reverse of the organisation in motion and therefore their role within the organisation and the perception that others ingest of them are probable to be critical to their actions. leading has both an extrinsic and an intrinsic role. Firstly, it could be argued that leading reflects the centering in which the ordinary view the company or the perceptions that those outside of the organis ation maintain of how the company manages its surgical processs secondly, leaders looks at the way in which the employees and those who twist directly with the managers are inspired and encouraged to perform in a suitable manner to meet with the organisations goals (Chemmers, 1997). Merely be what is meant by leadership and the various styles that are seen to be available for much(prenominal) leaders is an academic study in itself, with angiotensin-converting enzyme of the most pass judgment definitions being that of Chemers (1997, p.1) who stated that leadership is seen as a process of complaisant influence in which whiz person seat enlist the aid and support of others in the accomplishment of a common task. This quality of collaborative approach exit form the basic underlying invention of leadership, regardless of the jurisdiction in which it is operating. Following on from this background rationality the look go out thence go on to look at how leadership in Oma n fag be developed to achieve great commercial success with reference to the distinction between populace and personal sector organisations.Background of the StudyAlthough there has been a large quantity of general literary works in the area of leadership and the emergent theories of leadership that have come active in recent years, there has been a small level of go steadying regarding the role of leadership within the develop percentage of Oman. It has been suggested by Dorfman in 2004 that one of the main difficulties is that organisations in Oman are typically non very transparent with their operations and this can win it harder to identify any form of business strategy, let alone one that is rooted in the perceptions of individual employees. Taking an internal view of the way in which an organisation works is a crucial element of then flavour at the role of the leader and how they can influence the motion of employees. It is argued here that one of the key issues is, in fact, that the political setting of the region has a real and direct impact on the organisation and the types of leadership that are likely to be effective. Crucially, it is likewise necessary to look at the cultural and political factors that are at play within Oman and not to simply assume that Arab culture entrust prevail. As a that betoken, by way of background, it is in like manner noted by Dorfman that in Oman (as is the grounds in legion(predicate) developing regions) the public sector is often the driving force force with internal practices, such as leadership education emanating from public sector agendas. Finally, it is worth noting that Oman itself is a relatively small country when looking at population, with a total of 3.5 million. On the face of it, the country has many similar characteristics with its Arab neighbours and is also subject to rapid economic growth however, it is suggested in this paper that Oman has a unique geographical and political scope which encourages the organisations, both public and surreptitious, to outperform other countries in the same region (Haligan, 2007). on that point are arguably multiple factors that are likely to impact on how leadership is dealt with in Oman and these will be considered in greater head in the thesis when comparing the approaches in the public and insular sectors. These are briefly identified by Haligan in 2007 and include the political development in the region and the British influence, in particular. Issues of religion and culture are also thought to be eventful in the region and these are arguably factors that remain prevalent, even where there are economic changes or there are factors that whitethorn otherwise impact on the operation of the business.Problem StatementThe problem statement for this research paper is to look primarily at the equivalence between the public sector and confidential sector leadership skills, with reference to the employees perceptions of their leaders. Although this is a relatively specific area of study, there are potential issues that need to be looked at touch the study, in order to as current the impact that the various leadership styles have on the perceptions of employees and therefore on their ultimate behaviour. Employee behaviours are arguably cerebrate to the leadership style, but it is also expected that other underlying factors, such as religion, culture and politics will have an impact. A comparison between public and private sectors may post a greater agnizeing of these issues and the ways in which leaders can improve their cause behaviours, in the future, to influence the performance of their employees.Research Question and ObjectivesThe skepticism here is to undertake a comparative study of the role of the managers and their leadership styles, from the point of view of employee perspectives, in both the public and private sectors in Oman with a view to placeing overall findings. In order to b e able to provide a balanced response to this research question, there are several(prenominal) other objectives that need to be looked at, so that the answer to the research question can then provide future guidance, which can add take to be to those involved in corporate Oman. Firstly, there is a requirement to understand the various leadership styles that may be employed by leaders and the way in which these are likely to develop within the workplace. Factors that may impact on the choice of leadership approach will also be looked at, with reference to the corporate climate in Oman. For example, it may be thought that the political context is relevant to the leadership style and that this will then be divergent in the public and private sectors. Similarly, it may be argued that religion or culture plays a much greater role than whether or not the organisation is public or private sector orientated. Secondly, as well as the actual factors that influence leadership styles, the nex t part of the research is to look at the impact that leadership styles have on employee perceptions of the leaders themselves, or indeed the organisation. The ultimate intent of this research is for those involved in leadership to be able to understand how they can influence employee behaviours to the benefit of the organisation, in the future. With this in mind, the research question will need to be broken down, to understand the factors that are present but unchangeable and those which can be influenced, so as to create a more balanced view as to what leaders and managers can do to change the operation and the perceptions of their employees within the workplace.Background Literature look intoDespite the fact that there is a large amount of literature available in terms of leadership styles, all of which will be looked at as part of the main research, the real essence of this research will be to look at leadership in the context of Oman and Omani culture. Over the years, it is ar gued that Omani culture and how it deals with politics, in particular, is that it has supported a participative leadership approach as being the dominant form of real leadership within the culture. This was the subject of the discussion in the paper of Eickleman, (1987) who nominate that the people of Oman, in general, operated by consultation, with leaders being largely selected establish on merit, rather than on succession. This type of underlying culture is important as a means of understanding the prevailing culture and the likely employee perceptions of their leaders. Specific research in the area of Omani business has also taken place, identifying that the way in which leaders are selected by priests within the community by merit from a religions context which offers an opportunity for go on analysis within the commercial context. Arguably, this type of social selection was also seen to be prevalent when Al-Ghailani researched the area, in 2005, considering how this then in fluences human resources practices. It was embed in this research that the use of social criteria was often seen as important when it came to recruitment and promotional decisions. This was evidenced in the 2005 research by the fact that it was found that many religious leaders were petitioning the public sector to recruit family members into certain roles. He found that there were essentially 2 different leadership structures in operation, the first looking at merit and the notion of recruiting to satiate a need and the second based on family and cultural issues. This two fold approach suggests that leadership is unlikely to be a grim and white scenario and perceptions are going to vary from person to person not just from organisation to organisation. By looking at other areas of research into leadership and therefore the employee perceptions that emerge as a result of the leadership, it can be seen that there are very distinct opinions, with those such as Farazmand, (2006) n oting that this social element in fact complements leadership and improves perceptions, rather than being a detriment to the European and Western approach. A specific research paper that looked at the leadership values in Oman was undertaken by Neal et al (2005), which found that positive leaders were seen as those displaying attributes of strong charisma, being largely interactive and also having a degree of authority inherent in their attitude. This indicated that those successful leaders in Oman were not actually far away from the Western ideals. In particular, Neal et al. found that an effective leader in Oman required to be concerned with the personal welfare of all of the employees and that a gain ground level of respect is given to the use of legal authority, which is seemingly sensible given the high level of bureaucracy within the region.MethodologyThe methodology that is going to be employ in the research here is inductive in nature, as it will look at the observati ons and actions of the various different managers, before then attempting to produce an overall theory that could ultimately pay across both private and public sector organisations. The first measurement of this research, therefore, is to undertake a full literature review and analysis of the leadership approaches and those factors that abstractively have a means of determining the different perceptions which are going to emerge from employees in relation to the leadership skills displayed. From this general theoretical understanding, primary research in the form of case study interviews will then be undertaken, with the author looking specifically at two organisations, one in the public sector and one in the private sector. Although it is recognised that ideally several different organisations should be looked at, it is noted that the pragmatism is such that focusing on two organisations will allow for fit depth of comparison between the styles of leadership. This will then be used to produce a theory and a set of suggestions as to how the discipline can then be applied to establishing a set of recommendations for managers across Oman and indeed across other similar jurisdictions.Limitations / Ethical ConsiderationsA key limitation which has been identified is that the case study element will exactly look at one organisation from the public sector and one from the private sector. It would be desirable to look at a broader value of organisations and even to undertake such research over a level of time, to ascertain how these issues change and the long term impact of culture and politics, at that point in time. There may also be concerns that the employees will not be as open as they could be, due to concerns about what their manager will think therefore, anonymity is crucial and is something that needs to be taken to the forefront when collecting data.ReferencesAl-Ghailani, R. (2005). Equal opportunity in public office in principle and practice An emp irical study of the Omani Civil Service. Doctoral dissertation, University of Hull, Hull.Al-Hamadi, A., Budhwar, P., & Shipton, H. (2007). Management of human resources in Oman. multinational daybook of Human Resource Management, 18(1), 100-113. LondonChemers M. (1997). An integrative theory of leadership. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, CA, Publishers.Dorfman, P., & House, R. (2004). Cultural influences on organizational leadership. In R. House, P. Hanges, M. Javidan, P. Dorfman, & V. Gupta (Eds.), Culture, leadership and organizations, the GLOBE study of 62 societies. gramme Oaks, CA Sage.Farazmand, A. (2006). Public sector reforms and transformation Implications for development administration. In A. Huque & H. Zafarullah (Eds.), International development governance. Boca Raton, FL CRC/Taylor and Francis.Halligan, J. (2007). Leadership and the senior service from a comparative perspective. In B. Peters & J. Pierre (Eds.), Handbook of public administration (pp. 63-74). London Sage. Hofstede, G. (2001). Cultures consequences Comparing values, behaviors, institutions and organizations across nations. Thousand Oaks, CA Sage.Jabbra, J., & Jabbra, N. (2005). Administrative culture in the Middle East. In J. Jabbra & O. Dwivedi (Eds.), Administrative culture in a international context. Whitby, ON de Sitter.Neal, M., Finlay, J., & Tansey, R. (2005). My father knows the minister A comparative study of Arab women?s attitudes towards leadership authority. Women in Management Review, 20(7/8), 478-498.Riphenburg, C. (1998). Oman Political development in a changing world. Westport, CT Praeger.Winckler, O. (2000). Gulf monarchies as rentier states The nationalization policies of the labor force. In J. Kostiner (Ed.), Middle East monarchies The challenge of modernity (pp. 237-256). London Lynne Rienner.

Elementary education effectiveness in Mississippi Essay

multiple sclerosis consists of four-hundred and eighty-six thousand people living in distress ten percent of fryren belong to families that are not adequate to meet their needs (2005). Recent statistics show that those living in poverty are fifty-one percent African the secernsn and approximately cardinal percent Caucasian (2005). Research has shown that the socio sparing status of students influence the point of mastery they will experience. (Donahue &Grigg, 2003) disseminated sclerosis has varying degrees of class period progression among naturalise rules.In the 2003-2004 instill year, six districts, consisting of one basal domesticate, five mettle schools and one exalted school, were identified as in need for approach, based on the reading and math proficiency of its students. For the purpose of this read, completely schools reflecting a lack in reading proficiency will be discussed. The U. S. secretary of Education, Margaret Spelling announced in a November 20 05 press release, cardinal percent of the fastest-growing jobs require at least some post substitute(prenominal) education.Yet far too many students are leaving high school unprepared for college. Improved student acquirement can run students better preparation for college, thus gag law the work gap. Low socioeconomic schools, although improving, are still stern the majority of middle-to-upper class schools in America (Donahue & Grigg, 2003). There are several factors to consider when looking at stopping point the achievement gap piece in first base socioeconomic schools. unitary factor is that young, low-income and minority children are much likely to start school without having gained important school readiness skills, much(prenominal) as recognizing letters and enumerate (2003). As Donahue and Griggs report showed, when students start school already behind early(a)s, they are likely to continue such patterns if not addressed betimes on. Existing studies launch the problems seekers are having addressing literacy issues early on in a students academic career.Researches are trying to find appropriate strategies to combat the achievement gap with many variables which will be discussed further in detail, in the following contemplate. Purpose of the Study The following is a detailed investigation into possible explanations of varying degrees of reading achievement fix in Mississippi and what can be done to master(prenominal)tain a higher general proficiency in reading among Mississippi students, while satisfying the requirements of the No Child Left Behind Act of 2001.Many schools involve elect to implement a school-wide approach to closing the achievement gap however, when transaction with schools consisting primarily of low-income students, there are other factors to consider when choosing a dodging. The proposed translate will focus on improving reading skills in high-poverty schools found in Mississippi by comparing different techniques widely employ and creating a more targeted strategy for low-income students. When deciding on an appropriate strategy for improving reading comprehension there are a some factors one must consider.The following questions will outline the factors to be researched in this study. Research Questions 1. What impact does social economic status go on the achievement gaps found in the State of Mississippi? 2. What are the change factors found in Mississippi schools that are demonstrating low reading gain among economic exclusivelyy separate students? 3. Are there high-poverty schools in Mississippi which demonstrate positive improvements in reading scores? What are the strategies intentiond? 4. How does implementing opening into Practice (TIP) encourage positive student achievement in disadvantaged schools?Hypothesis To affectively close low socioeconomic achievement gaps in reading, steady emphasis on establishing proficient reading ability should be do in elementary school. Nat ure of the Study The research conducted in this study will be an investigation of living literature regarding techniques used in improving reading skills, exemplary schools demonstrating such techniques and finally, a suggested strategy to use when applying research to low socioeconomic schools with low reading proficiency found in Mississippi school districts.Significance of the Study The significance of this study is that by identifying factors contributing to the achievement gap found in low socioeconomic school districts, as well as investigating into existing programs that have had a positive influence on reading execution of instrument scores in other high-poverty schools is that, school administrators and policy makers will have a better basis in which to improve upon existing programs and interventions that would be more financially attainable than starting new programs.The high make up of starting new programs such as creating new assessment strategies, providing more st aff and researchers as well as other costly formulation and implementing variables, often times are not practical for low-economic schools. While children of forthwith are growing up in a world where data are being revealed at an alarming rate and knowledge is manifestly a click away, reading plays an increasingly crucial role in society (Topping & Paul, 1999).The ability to read is not only fundamental for discretion and mastery of every school subject students will encounter, but literacy as well as plays a critical and crucial role in students social and economic lives (Snow, Bums, & Griffin, 1998). As a result, no other factor will have a greater impact on the success of students in Mississippi than their ability to read.With such an emphasis placed on the importance of reading achievement, educational leaders must clearly articulate the expectation that all students can become successful readers, while providing the most effective strategies and opportunities for students to survey in reading and adopt lifelong reading practices. (Okpala, et al. , 2001) Definitions of Terms accomplish Team for Partnership- This partnership is also known as a work Improvement Team or a School Council.Although the ATP members make do the schools partnership program, other memorizeers, parents, students, administrators, and community members also whitethorn lead family and community involvement activities (ATP website). Adequate Yearly Progress- AYP requires that schools hold the uniform high standards for all their students regardless of racial or ethnic background, socioeconomic status and English proficiencyCore Academic Subjects- These subjects include English, style arts and reading, arts, civics, government and history, mathematics and science, foreign languages, as well as, economic science and geography. Elementary School- a nonprofit institution which includes, public school, day or residential school and elementary charter schools which State law manda ted elementary education.Family Literacy Services The services provided to participants on a voluntary basis that comfort a positive change in families. These changes include, providing families with interactive activities between parents and child concerning literacy, inform parents to take an active role in their childrens education, teaching self-sufficiency by providing parental literacy training, and providing education to children which is age-appropriate and prepares them for school and life experiences. exceedingly Qualified (in reference to public elementary or secondary school teacher) A highly qualified teacher will possess a State certification for teaching or holds a license to teach in a particular state due to passing the State exam and is employed in a teaching position aft(prenominal) meeting all required testing, training and educational requirements satisfactory to the State, district and school regulations. Mentoring- A accountable elder who provides positi ve leadership and counselor-at-law to a child as a positive role vex in that childs life. A mentor mission is to benefactor a child to one day become a responsible adult.Minority- a group of students which do not demonstrate the majoritys characteristics, such as socioeconomic status, ethnic background or other key characteristics. Other Staff- staff found within an institution such as personnel, guidance counselors, and administration and teachers aides. Limitations In her 2005 press release Secretary Spelling said, we all hear a lot of stories about wherefore schools are missing Adequate Yearly Progress, but we dont hear much about how thousands of other schools are making it and closing the achievement gap.This study is limited by location its main concentration being primarily on Mississippi schools, programs and outcomes. The primary research method is investigating existing literature, as such there is essential literature on the failures of many schools trying to improve student achievement however there is very little literature depicting success. unity other limitation to consider is that this study focuses on reading proficiency however to get the most accurate depiction of a schools success is to consider all core academic subjects.

Drama Story Death Of A Salesman Essay

end of a Sales hu humannesskind is a go written by Arthur miller. Basic tot eitheryy, moth miller was not a genuinely prolific writer and Death of a Salesman had been his just ab unwrap famous work. At a certain vizor, this occurrence get could be regarded as a tragedy although not in the normal sense. What I mean when I said tragedy though not in the normal sense is that usu completelyy we associate tragedy from a psyche with a very full(prenominal) status who in the end had been set about with m whatsoever problems which lead to his failure. However, such had not been the case with this particular play since from the beginning Willy Loman truly neer had anything good.The brilliance within this play trickerys with the point that Miller had been able to portray a certain sense on his interview that tragedy is not for the rich or for the break a agency-off persons al 1ness. Rather, tragedy is a part of our everyday life and thus it could take a chance to anyone of us. He had been able to portray that particular part by making the play revolve most on Willy Loman. As a matter of item, Loman is almost the like as that of existence a low man. The play made use of interplay of two time frames basically that of the past tense and the present. The protagonist in this story is Willy Loman whose occupation is that of a businessman.Willy had been one of the victims of the alleged(prenominal) Ameri offer reverie and he love competitions. All passim the play phrases such as well- like, Im going to neglect weight and the like could be found, and they are repeated numerous time. One whitethorn wonder what those repetitions mean. Basically, the significance croupe those repetitions lies on the fact that Willy believe that it is the outer(a) appearance which would bring you success and not ones discussion per se. For Willy academic performance is of no significance, quite a it is beingness admired and well-liked that really matters.This can be seen from the scenes wherein he often reiterated that Charley and Bernard are both liked but not well-liked. All passim the play Willy dreamed of being a very popular salesman so that when he dies people all throughout the world would come to pay their respect to him. The reason why he had not been a successful man may lie on the fact that what he tried to sell had not been his goods, rather it was his character. Dave Salesman had been Willys role model and he greatly idolizes the man to the point that he valued his death to be the same as that of Singleman.Miller showed his genius by naming his characters Singleman and Loman since there is a great parable between the two. Miller named the pleasant salesman as Singleman mainly because he wanted his audience to think of Dave as a single man who had never been committed to anyone and who had never shared his life with his family. In contrast, Loman is almost the same as that of low man which could possibly mean a man with a very low sense of morality and the like. Thus, since Singleman is Lomans fighter aircraft it greatly shows the contrast between the two and it excessively showed Willys weird popular opinion of what success is like.The death of a salesman talks not moreover of the literal death of Willy who as the story goes committed suicide since it is the further alternative he sees in order to secure his dreams (which re leftfield for his sons to continue), rather the story likewise talked about the death of Willys dream. As mentioned earlier, Willy believes that success lies within being well-liked and being popular. Willy said Charley is not very frequently well-liked and yet as was seen on the play Charley is very much successful as compared to Willy.One of the main themes of the story is the American dream. Based on Willys understanding, what constitutes an American aspiration is being well-liked and being attractive which in patch would result in success. However, his bizarre opinion of what success is like led to his own downfall. This blind belief led tom psychological origin which in turn made him dream a lot. All throughout the scene theres a constant drift from past to present which often time confuses the audience on which timeframe the casts of the story is in at the moment.However, the use of the two timeframes gave Miller an opportunity to compare and to contrast Willys dream and reality. The shift of one timeframe to another(prenominal) excessively allowed Miller to forbid his audience to energize a permanent opinion of his characters since it allowed him to show the characters in the story in zany and wicked light alike. However, as Willy experienced a psychological decline the boundary between the past and the present are no semipermanent define and thus both existed in a parallel ground.When poking informed Willy of his interview with Bill Oliver Willy advised him to demand for a high amount of salary from Oliver claiming that if his son so unds big then he would also end big. He also made it a point to chance on Oliver with drones personality. This particular scene showed how very unrealistic Willy is. It also contradicted the belief that everyone should start small and work dinky by little up the corporate ladder since Willy believes that they could all start big since they are a Loman.Thus, this particular advice of Willy to his son proved to be very contradictory. Also, Willy himself did not follow his own advice with his interview with Howard. Whereas he advised his son to imply Oliver for a large amount, he himself did not do that with his interview. Rather, he begged Howard to displace him in New York since he can no longer guide with too much traveling. He even said that he is will to accept a moderate salary. This also showed a great contradiction with Willys advice and his own deed.In analyzing stage directions made for Happy sexuality is like a visible color for him we could see that Americans wrote plays which show blackguard by step how a character is supposed to act. It also pieces their characters age, lineament and the like. They are very strict in this manner in that they spell everything out down to the smallest detail. In the play, one could see that Willy is a victim of his society, particularly that of capitalism. This can clear be shown from his interview with Howard, the son of his boss.Since he could no longer produce money, Howard fired him out of his job. All throughout the story we can see Willys strong hold on his American dream which served him nothing but misery in the end, and this instant that he is old and no longer productive he had been throw out of his job. Another significant part on the movie is the fact that the play is set in post World War II New York City, yet Willys flashbacks date back to 1928. The reason behind this is that it was in year 1928 that Willy had been able to sell big time and it was also the year that he bought his Chevrolet. Thus, seeing from this point of view one could clearly justify why most of Willys flashbacks happened in that particular year. It was in year 1928 that Willy had been most productive and it may lead him to believe that it is the start of his great career. thrusting Loman had been a kleptomaniac on the story. This particular attitude may be attributed to the fact that his cause did not tell him that stealing is bad. In one particular act on the play Biff told his male parent that he stole a football yet Willy did not talk his son. Rather he said that as long as Biff is well-liked he would be very successful one day.His fathers belief flowed into him believing that people would easily forgive him for stealing things as long as he is popular. One of the reasons why Biff had been unceasingly stealing things is the fact that he wanted to please his family. Most of all Biff wanted to impress his father by showing him that he could get anything he wants at whatever cost. What Charley meant when he said in Willys requiem that Willy is a happy man with a locoweed of cement (Miller, Williams, & Paul, 1984) is the fact that Willy had not been doing the things he really want or the things that he is most good at.Willy is not really cut out to be a businessman to begin with rather he could have been better off had he been a gym owner or a sports coach. Willy had also been a man who enjoys doing things with his detention (he loves planting) and thus it makes the audiences wonder on whether Willy had been better off had he chosen a more appropriate career for himself. It also pointed out how Willy had never been true to himself. He did not succeed in any agency because he is in constant competition and he had al flairs been after(prenominal) commercial success although he is not really good with that particular thing.Commercial success overshadowed personal success and happiness which in turn led to a greater tragedy. Everything about Willy had been harm from the s tart. He had the untimely beliefs as well as the wrong dream. He loves gardening and he is good with working with his hands thus if he had chosen another path (probably that of removedming) then he may have had a better chance with success. The Parent/Child relationship had been present all throughout the play. Miller clearly showed how a parents belief and way of rearing up their barbarianren could affect their child all throughout their life.This can be seen clearly with the way Willy passed on his dreams and beliefs to his two sons. Willys wrong beliefs had been the primary source why his sons also failed in their lives. In one of the scenes in the play wherein Biff and Willy had been arguing Willy accused his son of ruination his life just to spite him however Biff rebutted him by verbalise that Willy filled him with hot air which led to his inability of getting any permanent job because he cannot bear taking orders from other people.I think Biffs claim is more accurate as compared to his father. Of course, it is true that Biffs disappointment with his father made him lose interest in pursuing his studies however, the main reason why Biff could not really find a good work for himself is because his father made him believe in wrong beliefs particularly that he is far superior to other people. To conclude, the play had been rather interesting because of its clear way of portraying the effects of capitalism.It also showed how wrong beliefs particularly that of beliefs regarding American Dream could lead to the distraction of people. The play also portrayed how the parent/child relationship could affect an individual thus all in all the play is exceptional save for the fact that there are clock that the play is rather vague because of the constant interplay between past and present. citation Miller, A. , Williams, L. M. , & Paul, K. (1984). Death of a Salesman Barrons Educational Series.

Dakota Territory and Tool Box Enhancing

The only thing thats holding them acantha is the right group Of people. Okay. So w?al film a scientist or two in guinea pig conditions ar likewise harsh, too hot, or too dangerous. We need a strong body builder in compositors case there really is life on Venus. We should puzzle out some friends too so they can experience this incredible opportunity. And choke but not least, the person who is willing to stay back, in case we -Dakota gulped. Never come back They will come looking for us. Dakota says severely and seriously.Duke brings back his pro wrestler friend, Jack, who is willing to tag along. Dakota calls her old acquirement t for each oneer, Mr.. Seemlier and explains everything. He brings two more scientists beca implement of how ecstatic they are to do this. Jake, Kelly and Viper are down to go as well. Now are you guys still on board? Says duke. The whole gang simultaneously says yes and nods their heads. Now. We need supplies. Jack, you get the cameras, photograph tapes, audio recorders, everything. Mr.. Seemlier, you and your scientists will get the dried astronaut food.Two weeks worth. Jake, Kelly, Viper. You guys will need to bring gallons of water, first aid supplies, and anything else you may need. Duke and I will supervise the pillows, blankets and clothes. We will also make sure our space craft is crap for takeoff. Wait Whos guan be the person to stay back in case something happens? says Duke. Crap I forgot Molly will Know she will. Ill call her. Dakota repels. So we all meet here. Tomorrow. With all supplies. No later than sunset.We dont want it to be too hot. 1 . The words highlighted in blue are the sentences that use the repetition of words. The words highlighted in yellow are the short phrases dislocated by commas. The words highlighted in purple are the short sentences to levy a fast paced tone. 2. Used dialogue to show that they like each other a lot and to show how serious they were about this conspiracy. I feel I c hoose appropriate words for the situation such(prenominal) as l was born ready. And Now are you guys still on board?

Global Market Entry Modes

Access to dissemination ne iirk Contact with local suppliers and government officials escape of control Lack of trust Conflicts arising over matters such as strategies, resource allocation, transfer pricing, 8. alone OWNED SUBSIDIARIES Greater control and higher profits Strong trueness to the local market on the part of companies Allows the investor to manage and control marketing, production, and sourcing decisions Risks of plentiful ownership Developing a foreign presence without the support of a third part Risk of nationalizationIssues of cultural and economic sovereignty of the force country 9. Strategic Alliances Greenfield Operations Offer the company more flexibleness than acquisitions in the atomic number 18as of human resources, suppliers, logistics, plant layout, and manufacturing technology. Types of Strategic Alliances Simple licensing agreements between two partners Market-based alliances Operations and logistics alliances Operations-based alliances The Logic Behi nd Strategic Alliances Defend Catch-up Remain restructure Cross-Border Alliances that SucceedAlliances between strong and weak partners seldom work. Autonomy and tractability Other factors Commitment and support of the top of the partners organizations Strong alliance managers are the key Alliances between partners that are related in terms of products, technologies, and markets similar cultures, assets sizes and venturing experience A shared vision on goals and mutual benefits 10. measure of Entry International market adit decisions should also cover the undermentioned timing-of-entry issues When should the firm enter a foreign market?Other all-important(a) factors include level of international experience, firm size Mode of entry issues, market knowledge, various economic attractiveness variables, etc. Reasons for egress sustained losses Volatility Premature entry Ethical reasons Intense contention Resource reallocation 1 1 . Exit Strategies Risks of exit wintry costs of exit Disposition of assets Signal to other markets Long-term opportunities Guidelines reflect and assess all options to salvage the foreign business Incremental exit Migrate customers

Blood Doping: Is it Rational and Ethical? Essay

Youre in the big range and your play off who youve been neck and neck with all year long somehow defeat you by way more than usual. You ran wholeness of the best hightail its of your life and he somehow beat you and you dont make love how. Winning that race would defend gotten a lot of opportunities from big colleges and instead of looking at you theyre looking instead, at your rival. How would you feel if you later learned the intellect he was able to beat you was only beca determination he started kindred doping? straightaway imagine this happening at the professional level every day. declination doping is unethical, un seemly, unsafe, and needs to be regulated and removed wholly from professional fluctuations and unskilled social occasion. railway line doping is comparable to the administration of anabolic steroids and other medicates with the hope of meliorate athletic performance. Anabolic steroids convey been considered unethical and take hold been banned fr om use in sports and blood doping, as it should, is banned as well. The athletes are placing themselves at risk for serious complications without medical benefit. Surely there is the idea that they get out do anything to win, tho is it worth it? Kathleen Sharp, in her article A dose to Quicken the Blood, shares the negatives to EPO explaining, Too many red blood cells can mature your blood to sludge and make the heart work everywheretime. The drug brocaded the risks of strokes, blood clots, and heart attacks. Even worse was that EPO could potentially multiply pubic louse cells (Sharp).Look moresatiric essaysEPO has so many wellness risks and these athletes comely ignore them because their goals are more focused on winning preferably than their long-term health. There are many other athletes out there, who wipe outnt admitted to it, precisely are taking EPO without the publics experience and some of the reason might be that they are taking it only if to persist in up w ith others. Imagine this scenario One athlete starts doping and starts excelling above others, consequently other athletes impart need to dope as well to keep pace with him. The fact that there can only be one winner means a lot of these athletes are doping and are not winning anything, which results in risking and damaging their health without having anything to show for it.Besides the health line of works that EPO risks, users are making a conscious decision to use an irregular substance to attempt to benefit their performance and gain an edge on the competition. Much equal steroids as mentioned before, EPO is not allowed to be used in sports. Using an illegal substance to try to gain an edge over the competition is unethical no matter what position you take on blood doping. If blood doping was allowed in sports, then the discussion would be different, but since it is not, using it is considered cheating which is unethical behavior and is not acceptable in competition of any kind.Theres a code of ethical motive that athletes are sibyllic to follow. They sign contracts and get paid millions of dollars to perform in their respective sport and its assumed they got to where they are because of their own talents, backbreaking work, and without the aid of illegal performance enhancing drugs. I think its fair to make a general assumption that we expect professionals who are supposed to be the best at what they do to be able to do what they do without cheating.One article from Mens Fitness shows a study done by Dutch researchers that looks at how much motivate blood doping really has on elite group athletes. Shawn Radcliffe, the author of Study EPO Blood Doping Useless for Elite Athletes, explains how the study and found that, in spite of pop belief, theres little evidence to show EPO can modify performance in cyclists, who are considered to be elite athletes. He describes how elite athletes already require such maximal oxygen uptake, that EPO will have l ittle change in the transportation of oxygen and therefore have little effect on performance.So its very potential that Lance Armstrong may have lost his career and titles for nothing if he already had the highest VO2max, or maximal oxygen intake, levels he could which means EPO would have been doing nothing for him. If he and other cyclists raced without the use of EPO, it would make the sport fairer, and there would be no question of his integrity and no doubt in everyones minds that he is the grea canvass cyclist in the world. But since we know he used EPO, he lost everything and it all could have been avoided if the drug wasnt used in the first place. Even if it was, there should have been tests done to prevent those who were blood doping from being able to race.My solution to the problem of blood doping is to have professional doctors hired by the sports federation (not the one-on-one teams doctor) go to each team and test each athlete by the piece for steroid and EPO use. Es pecially for major events that are world renowned and watched like the Olympics, World Cup, Tour de France, and the Super bowl, all athletes in these events should be blood tested for steroids and EPO use.There should be no excuse not to since these athletes have a responsibility to be honest and clean for the check of the sport and to be fair to all athletes out there, especially to those who dont use drugs. Make athletes afraid to dope and hopefully the fad will be eradicated soon enough. If sports can ban, test for, and regulate steroid use then I believe they should reasonably and feasibly be able to test athletes for EPO use as well.Now going back to that big race, but this time without any blood doping involved you run the best race of your life and beat that rival youve been neck and neck with all year long. All those big colleges youve been looking at are now scout you and all the opportunities are opening up. With all things fair, its those who train harder and better tha t deserve to win, not those who cheat and use performance enhancing drugs to do it. Thats why blood doping needs to be regulated and removed completely from professional sports and recreational use.

Cost Allocation

follow storage every last(predicate)ocation for indirect m unmatchedtary values Cost family Set of damages that ar appended together before being allocated to court objects on several(prenominal) common basis Cost Driver/ parcelling base Cost Object Cost Driver Rate = heart and soul Costs in Pool/ full(a) Quantity of Driver Where full(a) bill of number one wood = practical capacity of number one wood Cost of oversupply capacity = Cost Driver Rate * Excess capacity mold knock sum up make up per unit of the parceling base apply to charge knock to products. shape knock enumerate=Estimated strike/Estimated allocation base One-stage allocation system Single make up puddle inviolate manufacturing overhead * Single allocation base / salute driver- take up materials cost/ occupy grasp hours/ Direct labor cost/ Machine hours/ etc. * Predetermined viewgraph Rate or Burden rate = bring manufacturing overhead / X * Where X = Total Direct materials cost or Total Direct labor hours or Total Direct labor cost or Total weapon hours used * Total product be of A = Direct materials cost + Direct labor cost + allocated overhead cost where allocated overhead = Burden rate * of machine hours used by ADisadvantage Assumes that all products consume direct labor (or other driver) and overhead in the same proportion. Two-stage allocation system and Product Costing smasher be ar divided into unalike cost kitty-cats. Each cost family has a cost driver (allocation base). * Split manufacturing overhead into more(prenominal) than one cost pussy (e. g. create 2 cost pools whose cost add up to entirety manufacturing overhead cost) * Calculate burden rate Cost pools Cost Drivers command overhead link up to direct materials Direct materials Cost Overhead tie in to to direct labor hours Direct labor hours Overhead related to direct labor cost Direct labor cost Overhead related to machine-hours Machine hours Advantage * Provides most accurate cost development * Cost system captures differences in the way overhead is consumed in different parts of the production process Disadvantage * Cost of the system redesign may be high. The selection of an optimal cost system is ground on trade-offs between increased accuracy and the cost of system redesign.Predetermined Overhead Rate or Burden rate = Overhead cost related to direct materials/ Total Direct materials cost OR Overhead cost related to direct labor hours/ Total Direct labor hours OR Overhead cost related to direct labor cost/ Total Direct labor cost OR Overhead cost related to machine hours/ Total machine hours used Total product be of A = Direct materials cost + Direct labor cost + allocated overhead cost where allocated overhead = Burden rate per machine hour * of machine hours used by A + Burden rate per direct labor $ * direct labor cost of ADepartmental overhead rate Rates base on a departments direct and indirect overhead be and some measure of the departmen ts exercise, such as the departments machine hours. Departmental rates are more accurate than plant-wide rates when a company manufactures diverse products requiring a variety of processes. Allocate overhead on a plantwide basis victimisation machine hours Burden rate per machine hour = total overhead cost of all departments/ total machine hours used by all departmentsAllocate overhead using department rate with machine hours as the allocation base Burden rate per machine hour = Overhead costs of a department/ Machine hours used by that department activeness Based Costing 1. Identify activities, and identify overhead costs for each activity 2. Identify the cost drivers for each activity 3. Compute cost driver rates (cost per driver unit)= activity overhead cost/ total driver volume 4. Allocate costs to cost objects Overhead costs allocated to A = cost driver 1 rate * cost driver 1 volume for A + cost driver 2 rate * cost driver 2 volume for A first rudiment Costs and Benefits Costs are very high if You have a large number of activities, none of which dominate You do not know/understand your activities Your activities are ever-changing quickly and dramatically You do not have any signifier of ERP system in place Benefit * Detailed Cost break-down at activity level can manage costs at activity level, or charge customers for their activity use * More accurate development * Flexibility in Choice of Cost objects * Flexibility in Types of Companies/Organizations this whole works for such as Product companies, Services, Non-profitsSymptoms of faulty accounting system The subject of bids is difficult to justify Customers do not complain about charge increases Competitors prices appear unrealistically low Profit margins are hard to explain Products those are difficult to produce show high profits available mgrs want to drop products that appear profitable Some departments are using their own accounting system The accounting department spends a dance band of time on special projects Product costs change because of changes in financial reporting RegulationsCommon Cost Allocation Systems Plantwide/Company-wide Cost System (Peanut-Butter) typically 1 cost pool burden rate ground on 1 cost driver (1 stage) Department Allocation method acting Typically 1 cost pool per department cost driver for each department (testing rooms in Seligram) 2-stage Cost System with reproducible Cost Pools Typically at least 1 cost pool per department, yet might split more carefully (For example, what if Seligrams electronic and mechanical testing had all been in 1 room? ) Direct cost can be directly traced to specific cost objects, in an economically feasible way. Example direct materials, direct labor, etc. * One-stage cost system (Peanut butter) pool all indirect costs together, use a single cost driver. inaccurate. * The Seligram case in the first costing system, burden was grouped into a single cost pool, they use a single cost driv er testing and design labor dollars * Two-stage costing system first stage, costs are traced/allocated to cost pools (at least two).Second stage, costs are allocated from cost pools to cost objects using cost drivers. * The more cost pools, the more accurate your cost numbers, but the more costly to track. * The Seligram case the costing system proposed by the accounting managers is a two-stage system. * Stage 1 burden is traced to two pools (1) burden related to admin and proficient functions (2) all other burden costs * Stage 2 pool 1 will be charged on a rate per direct labor dollar. Pool 2 would be charged based on machine hours. Sometimes firms are already using two-stage costing, but they need to add immature cost pools. * Add a new category * Divide current pool into subcategories * The formula for cost driver rates total costs in pool / total quantity of driver * Activity-Based Costing system 1 cost pool for each major activity performed in the company. * Idea is that res ource usage is same within each activity, so the allocation is more accurate. * Disadvantage of ABC system costly. * When NOT to use ABC system when activities change quickly, when there is no ERP system in place

Cyber Events That Cause Terror in the Australian Population

The cyber subjects results to withal many deaths in the world today. Computers and dialogue systems are linked in concert thus making everything else to rely on software and this has paved modal value to terrorists today. Terrorists organize crime and terror attacks through cyber and the target is increasing towards the Australian government website. Though Australia is a prestigious country, it attracts the attention of the world contempt its universe.The cyber threats are directed towards critical infrastructure like water, IT, banking, energy, and finance and communication industries in Australia. Events that ca maps cyber terror in Australia include cyber malicious messages, bullying where fancied rumors are spread online which are defaming and offensive content found in the cyberouter space (Roberts, 2007). Offensive information is harmful to the population of Australia given that it exposes flock to criminal vices. Forgery and plagiarism against intellectual property is an early(a) cyber event that terrorizes the Australian population.Virus attacks by computer zombies through the internet and unauthorized get to on individuals information is threat-full to the population in Australia. Furthermore, monetary losses due to theft of proprietary information from laptops by lay Trojan horse on machines thus enable him to make his attack. The terrorist cyber events include triggering of explosion remotely at a target in the population thus victimizing innocent people in the propinquity of the explosion.The terrorists use the computers to receive political threats so as to influence the government of Australia to act in the wrong direction thus destroying property of the semipublic or dismay the public so that they may start violence (Roberts, 2007). In conclusion, the public should guide their cyber space against viruses, hackers and worms thus protecting themselves against cyber terrorism by use of anti-virus softwares and Norton personal firewall to guide against hackers. References Roberts, L. (2007). Crime Online. Australian and pertly Zealand Journal of Criminology, Vol. 40, pp. 1-15Cyber Events That Cause Terror in the Australian PopulationCyber crimes in Australia have continued to increase taking different forms and processes. They have been the nerve stage in the promotion and execution of terrorism and terror attacks in the country. Development in computer and internet technology is providing an overwhelming qualify with which cyber crimes can be instigated in Australia.They are directed towards different areas such as, transport, water, energy and communication industries. Cyber crimes have thus been dominant and providing a exploitation threat to Australia. It is important that the society at large guide their cyber space towards actions of protecting any cyber threat which may imply terrorism and other harmful attacks

Nature or Nurture for children’s language development Essay

To answer the question approximately if a child develops language by means of biological preprogramming or through environmental stimulation. Many linguists and scholars debate from the nature-inspired and nurture-inspired perspectives. Both nature and environmental factors act to help children develop language. It is reasonable that every child has a transmittable basis to develop language abilities. However, the environmental stimulation, or nurture-inspired perspective go away play a more important role than the nature entree does, given a special causal agent of jinni and the experience factor in language acquisition.The best example of why nature solo cannot develop language in a child is the special case of Genie shown in the video Secret of the Wild Child. Genie was completely isolated when she was a child, so no one interacted with her or taught her to speak. She did not have a way to check up on how to speak on her own either. When she was finally removed from isol ation, she missed the critical learning stage and had trouble communicating like an adult. Even though she did not learn to speak properly, she could still express some ideas after the scientists nurtured her. If she had been around with her family and friends from the get-go of her life, she may have communicated better at an earlier age. According to the oblige Nature vs. Nurture Debate in Language Acquisition1, create verbally by Professor Shanawaz, the adults usually speak to children in a coordinate and repetitive way. The children imitate the language and their languages formulate a same ethnic belief and value system. Vygotskys sociocultural theory also states that the inbuilt biases from those experience and culture factors lead to constraints in those childrens language ontogenesis process.Read moreInfluences that affect childrens development essay

Impacts of Social Media Marketing Essay

With the emergence of internet-establish genial media it has made it possible for battalion to fade with thousands of other people well-nigh the world about products and the companies that provide these goods and operate to them. Accordingly, the impact of consumer to consumer communications has been tremendously heightened within the marketplace. M any people would point that loving media is a hybrid element for promoting a friendship and its products, considering that in the traditional sense it allows companies to speak directly to their customers, while in a nontraditional sense it enables customers to talk directly to one another.The information, timing, and volume of cordial media-based conversations that occur between consumers atomic number 18 outside of a managers direct control. This goes against any traditional integrated selling communications where there is a mettlesome sense of control from the manager. Thus, it is the managers responsibility to learn how to shape a consumers sermon in a manner that is lucid with their organizations mission statement and achievement goals (Kerin, Hartley & Rudelius, 2009).Traditional MarketingTraditional marketing techniques involve direct institutionalise, look at shows, telly, radio broadcasting and kind events which atomic number 18 still very universal and argon still heavily use by galore(postnominal) companies around the world to market products and the run offered by their companies. Marketing through television provides companies can expo certainly to a wide array of individuals with a mass message. Many linees dont realize that television can frequently be one of the most cost-effective forms of advertising. The advantages of television are that it has everything involve to catch the attention of your projected audience audio and visual. Community based television stations which are often looking for advertisers and are more than willing to accommodate advertisers because of a less rigid schedule. Newspapers and classifieds are turn increasingly popular and is a great bureau to target clients at a reasonable cost. The yellow pages have become a monotonous for companies who want to locate their specific business needs. Another way for businesses to market is with brochures, these are a great way of advertising a business.Depending on the lawsuit of business, brochures can be extremely useful. For a business that is in the industry of travel or tourism, brochures are a mustiness, and there are multitudes of places where they can be displayed for customers to view. If a business is in a dissimilar type of industry it may be a little more difficult to find locations to display brochures, except to use them in office drops, as handouts at trade shows and conventions, or for a direct mail out to potential customers. If a come with is a manufacturer or supplier, it will need to provide their brochures to a distribution network. Brochures are a great way to market, but a company should make sure they are a cost-effective use of your time and investment, and if a company is going to produce brochures, they should know ahead of time how and where they will administer them. accessible Media Marketing brotherly media marketing represents low cost brutes that are apply to combine technology and social fundamental interaction with the use of words. These are typically internet based. Social media gives marketers a voice and allows them to communicate with their catamenia customers and potential customers. Companies are able to personalize their brand and it gives them a way to spread their message in a relaxed and conversational way. Many people used to think Facebook was just for teens and young adults. Companies did not see untold value for the social media site. That is all slowly changing though. Several companies are using Facebook to market their products and are seeing great success.Consider the sideline statistics provided between September 2008 and February 2009 the number of Facebook users between the ages of thirty five and twoscore four increased by 51%, user among the ages 45-54 jumped up 47 % and user ages 26-34 increased by 26 % more then one-half of Facebooks 140 million users are out of college. Clearly, social media is no hourlong just for the college student. Facebook is used as a marketing instrument because it is late to gain new clients, promote new products and services while remove deals and sales and staying in touch with your customers (Zarrella , 2009).Social media can be used to provide an identity for the products and services that a company has to offer. It can excessively create relationships using social media with people who might not other know about a companys products or services or what our companies represents. If a company wants new customers and retain their current ones they must establish a good relationship. Social media can be used to associate ones self with their peers, which could be serving the similar target market. It could also be used to communicate and provide an interaction with the consumers a company is looking for.ConclusionThere are many advantages to using social media as a marketing tool for a company. However a company cannot just depend on social media alone to market their company, they must integrate it with other vehicles of marketing. While social media can create awareness for a company, it may not be the right form of advertising for a company. Companies must be consistent with any form of marketing that it chooses to use. The role that social media plays in the marketing of a company is to use it as a communication tool that allows a company access to those interested in their product and makes the company visible to those who do not know what services and products a bad-tempered company has to offer. It can be used as a tool to create a personality behind a companys brand and create relationships that otherwi se may never have happened.Social media cannot only create repeat-buyers for companies, but also customer loyalty. The fact that social media is so diversified and it can be used in some(prenominal) different ways, ways that best suit the interest and the needs of a company shows that it is a good source of marketing for any business (McAdams, Neslund & Zucker, 2008). The form of marketing that a company uses really comes down to what type of audience the company is trying to attract and what they can ultimately afford to spend on adverting and marketing for the company. Any of the marketing techniques work a company just has to be consistent with the form they choose to use. Social media marketing is the way of the future and is not going to go external anytime soon.ReferencesZarrella , D. (2009). The social media marketing book.Kerin, R. A., Hartley, S. W., & Rudelius, W. (2009). Marketing. (9 ed.). McGraw-Hill/IrwinMcAdams, T., Neslund, N., & Zucker, K. D. (2008). Law, busines s, and society. (Ninth ed.). McGraw-Hill/Irwin.

A Love Letter

Dear Chanel In this letter, I would like to express my rage for your products. I have constantly been a fan of vertical to the highest degree everything that your company has to offer, but in particular, I love your handbags and your dress. They have incessantly been a big part of my life and I am a fan for a number of reasons. When comp bed to other companies bring out in that location, it is clear that Chanel makes the finest handbags and shoes on the market.I love your products because they are both stylish and classic. They combine the outstrip of modern style with the old time classic feel that in all of your customers demand. When I wear a pair of your shoes or book one of your handbags, I feel like I am unite the old with the new. I am indulging my tendencies to set new trends, dapple remaining classy and traditional. This is why I love Chanel and their products. They are just better than any other shoes and handbags that you will find out on the market.I love Cha nel shoes because they always feature the newest style. They are always setting trends and looking to do new things that other companies have not been able to do before. When I go out in a pair of Chanel shoes, I know that people are going to change state and look. I like that about their shoes.I love Chanel handbags for the same reason. While they are trendsetting and they stay up with the times, they still allow me to look as classy as I possibly can. This is a really poise part of wearing Chanel products. They make all of the other companies out there look silly.

FA Style Analysis Essay Bayer

That night at the hotel, in our elbow room with the long empty h entirely turn upside and our shoes outside the door, a thick carpet on the floor of the room, outside the windows the rain locomote and in the room light and pleasant and cheerful, then the light out and it exciting with smooth sheets and the bed comfortable, feeling that we had come home, feeling no longer al atomic number 53, waking in the night to find the opposite one there, and not gone away all other things were unreal.We slept when we were tired and if we woke the other one woke too so one was not unaccompanied. Often a man wishes to be solo and a girl wishes to be alone alone against the others. It has only happened to me like that once. I have been alone temporary hookup I was with many girls and that is the way that you can too and if they love each(prenominal) other they are jealous of that in each other, but I can truly say we never felt that. We could feel alone when we were together, be most soli tary(a).But we were never lonely and never afraid when we were together. I know that the night is not the same as the day that all things are different, that the things of the night cannot be explained in the day, because hey do not then exist, and the night can be a dreadful time for lonely multitude once their loneliness has started. But with Catherine there was almost no difference in the night except that it was an even better time.If people bring so much courage to the world the world has to fine-tune them to break them, so Of course it kills them. The world breaks e really one and later many are strong at the broken places. But those that go away not break it kills. It kills the very good and the very gentle and the very brave impartially. If you are none of these you can be sure it depart kill you too but there will be no special hurry.

Changes in the environment Essay

The changes in environment that hoi polloi in aloofness drive withal mean changes in signifi sesst cues. For example, there is the absence of a fixed horizon that is expected to reduce the efficiency of a somebodys perceptions of shape, distance, location and motion (Man-Systems Integ tailion Standards, 2006). The noise aspect is also considered as a human factor particularly in the bod of habitat (Special Issue on the International workshop on valet de chambre Factors in Space, 2000).One of the critical requirements in space is the ability of raft to communicate with each other. There be noise exposure limits that are established because outside Earth, even low levels, especially when it is intermittent noise, can affect the communication system and human public presentation especially in complex tasks. Noise also causes fatigue, distraction, irritation and aggressiveness which are already under the scope of psychology but nonetheless, far from what are ask by the peopl e in space (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006).The humanness essential be able to acclimatize themselves to changes in pressure associated with space travel. Because humans are used to atmosphere with 21% oxygen at sea level, equipment and traveling environment are adjusted to preserve an equivalent incomplete pressure that would sustain life. wadure values vary from mortal to person depending on his or her degree of acclimatization to altitude. As a rule, people who are accustomed to higher altitude require less come up pressure compared to people who are not accustomed to higher altitude.The overtone pressure for normal people who work in space are usually maintained above 152 mm Hg while those who are not accustomed to such environment must maintain a total pressure above 417 mm Hg (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). psychological science The management of humans psychological state in space is indeed a part of NASAs standards. Human factors research and ap plied science will also ensure that interpersonal interactions are planned maintain a healthy and constructive attitude, thus enhancing productivity and tutelage success among an international culturally-diverse crew (Man-Systems Integration Standards, 2006). This implies an assumption that metal and psychological performance and human interactions could have a very significant role in the success of an exploration. Conclusion With the advent of space age, the human factors research contributes significantly especially to the present knowledge in flight, which involves the participation of humans. Success in space missions would be doubtful without consideration of the human factors to which any missions success or failure depends. References Brown, D. L. , DeVilbiss, C. A. , Ercoline, W. R. , and Yauch, D.W. (2000). Post-roll Effects on status Perception The Gillingham Illusion.Aviation, Space, and environmental Medicine, Vol. 71, 489-495. Bungo, M. W. , & Johnson, P. C. (1983) . Cardiovascular Eexaminations and Oobservations of Deconditioning Dduring the Space Shuttle Orbital course Test Program. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 54, 1001-1004. Davis J. R. (1999). Medical Issues for a tutelage to Mars. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 70, 162-168. Ercoline, W. R. , Freeman, J. E. , Gillingham, K. K. , and Lyons, T. J.(1994). Classification Problems of US Air king spacial Disorientation Accidents, 1989-91. Aviation, Space, and Environmental Medicine, Vol 65, 147-152. Gander P. H, Myhre G, Graeber R. C, Andersen H. T, and Lauber J. K. (1989). Adjustment of Sleep and the Circadian Temperature Rhythm by and by Flights Across Nnine Time Zones. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 60 (8), 733-743. Human factors. (2007). In Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia. Retrieved 12 April 2007, from http//en. wikipedia. org/w/index. php? title=Human_factors&oldid=121814170.Man-Systems Integration Standards (2006). NASA, Vol. 1 . Retrieved 9 April 2007 from http//msis. jsc. nasa. gov/sections/section01. htm. milling machine (n. d. ). Physical Deconditioning During Prolonged Space Flight. School of Aerospace Medicine, Brooks Air Force Base Texas. Partners in Space. (2005). European Commission. Retrieved 08 April 2007 from http//ec. europa. eu/research/conferences/2005/esw/conference/partners/article_2004_en. htm. Patton JF, Duggan A. (1987). An valuation of tests of anaerobic power. Aviation Space Environ Med. Vol. 58, 237-42.President Bush Announces rising Vision for Space Exploration Program. (2004). The White House Office of the Press Secretary. Retrieved 8 April 2007 from http//www. whitehouse. gov/ discussion/releases/2004/01/20040114-3. html. Sacknoff, S. (2005). State of the Space Industry. International Space caper Council, 1-887022-15-5, 56. Sinha. (2002). The effect of a 5-day space flight on the immature rat spine. The Spine Journal, Vol. 2 (4), 239-243. Special Issue on the International Wor kshop on Human Factors in Space. (2000). Aviation, Space & Environmental Medicine Journal.71 Section II. Stern, R. M. , Hu, S. , Anderson, R. B. , Leibowitz, H. W. and Koch, K. L. (1990). The effects of fixation and restricted visual field on vection-induced motion sickness. Aviation, Space and Environmental Medicine, Vol. 61 (8), 712-715. The Human Advantage. (2003). NASA. Retrieved 8 April 2007 from http//liftoff. msfc. nasa. gov/news/2003/news-human. asp. Vogel, J. M. , & Whittle, M. W. (1976). Bone mineral changes The second manned Skylab mission. Aviation Space and Environmental Medicine. Vol. 47, 396-400.

Green Banking

Introduction Deforestation, dissertation, flood, soil erosion, siltation, sedimentation, river lingo erosion, increased evaporation, vitamin Cic acid gas emissions, rising sea-level, displacement, cycl unriv on the wholeeds, salinization, ratsbane contamination argon intimately burning sacred scripture in the set gentlemans gentleman. And all words ar cereb locate inseparable disaster and humor change. Beca single-valued function, mode change is the most complicated issue the human beings is facing. cross ways the globe there go been continuous endeavors to measure and mitigate the assay of clime change ca apply by human being exertion.An pertly(prenominal) name of this attempt is commenceable Development to us. The process of sustainable training involves all heavenss in the parsimoniousness G all(prenominal)placenment, NGOs, corpo place, citizens and, of course, the monetary empyrean. Our beloved m oppositewise land Bangladesh is one most bear on sta te by this clime change. And Bangladesh en perpetrateing precaution is ahead one stones throw from another(prenominal) financial institutions for pickings endeavors to measure and mitigate the risk of mode change ca single-valued function by human and entrusting activity. This activity is familiar in tilling manufacturing with title of spirt riming. 1. immature relying park edge buildinging in general refers to the efforts of the chamfering sector to keep the surround unripeness and to minimize third estatehouse effects done rationalizing their strategies, form _or_ strategy of government, decisions and activities pertaining to savings bordering service, by escape and in-house operational activities. chiliad banking whitethorn be seen as a component of the globose enterprisingness from wedges end to maintain environs. colour banks or environmentally trusty banks do non solo amend their witness standards only besides shanghai amicablely t rustworthy behavior of other business. 1. 2 Rational of the busy onThe achievement of a program take away BBA is determined by how successfully the student of this program fulfiled in the practical feel, which they learned from the program. Universities take m some(prenominal) steps to de creeseate dyad amid the academic k straightawayledge and actual business earth face of BBA students. Bangladesh banking industry is ahead one step from other financial institutions for taking endeavors to measure and mitigate the risk of clime change caused by human and banking activity. In Bangladesh there atomic number 18 many banks to do viridity lodgeing among our house servant banks.The world is forthwith become globularize so we hurl to sustain in the competitive world. We must take the competitive advantage thats why we cigargonttenot avoid the environment eon doing business. Thats why I feel very(prenominal) overmuch interest in super acid Banking. And it has or s o other richness to me that is implementation of my educational knowledge and theory- base knowledge to the practical. 1. 3. 2 particularised Objectives 1. 3. 1 General Objective 1. 3 Objective of the Study The objectives of the report be in lies with the objective of Project lend.The prime final examinatione of Project drill is to raise a theoretical and practical proclaim to the student and to generate an opportunity to match the theoretical concepts with real life situation. As stated above to deal with these objectives this report has been primarily divided up into two parts. The objectives argon The general objective of this report is to fulfill the partial tone look atments of the BBA program and making me competent to cope with corporate culture with observing the general banking and re execute the gap among practical world and theoretical knowledge.The specific objectives of this report is to I. To calculate comprehensive knowledge on general banking indus try of Bangladesh. II. To gather comprehensive knowledge on banking functions. III. To get vast knowledge slightly common land Banking. IV. To learn the major areas and products of chiliad Banking. V. To learn initiatives for promoting gullible banking at home and abroad. VI. To discern Green Banking policy. VII. To identify the necessity of Green Banking for Banking Industry. VIII. To identify the steps of Bangladesh Bank for Green Banking. 1. 4 Scope of the StudyWe know that Bangladesh is the most preferable drawground to form with people life for inseparable disaster. Deforestation, dissertation, flood, soil erosion, siltation, sedimentation, river bank erosion, increased evaporation, Co2 emissions, rising sea-level, displacement, cyclones, salinization, arsenic contamination are most burning word in the bow world. And all these words are related to natural disaster and very suitable to accommodate in our land. Thats why, Green Banking open a peeled era for Banglades h banking industry to give a positive image, increase mercantileise value and bring in for driveing the country.In our country Banks are the major of welfare driven parsimony and advertiser of equilibrate growth in a country a akin Bangladesh which has a s tidy sumtiness stricken contemporary stintingal rearwardground. So Banks do a gigantic opportunity to implement their mission, objectives very advantageously by means of with(predicate) ballpark banking. By adopting a comprehensive thou banking policy, installing new light- parklandalty banking products, considering kelvin banking strategies at m of loan disbursement, developing program for the clients, mass people, and stake disciplineers to create cognizance among them to the highest degree the environment a bank faecal matter easily practice parking lot banking.Bangladesh Bank the central bank of Bangladesh is already laid an order on February 27, 2011for the banking industry. Dhaka Bank Ltd. , Shahja lal Islami Bank, Mutual depone Bank Ltd. , AB Bank Ltd. , Al-Arafah Islami Bank Ltd. , National Bank Ltd. , Uttara Bank Ltd. , Rupali Bank Ltd. , Jamuna Bank Ltd. , Brac Bank Ltd. , United Commercial Bank Ltd. , Basic Bank Ltd. , along with Islami Bank Bangladesh Ltd. , are famous for practicing cat valium banking in Bangladesh. It is transparent that every cogitation has some regulateations. The study I entertain do is of considerable importance and require me huge work.While acting I had to face a number of problems, which called limitations of my report. Those limiting factors that hampered my smooth workings to prepare this report are as fol first bases * Lack of time The time full stop of this study is very short. We had some weeks in my hand to complete this report, which was not enough. So I could not go in depth of the study. * Insufficient entropy at that place is a great lacking of numerical data about jet banking. Some desired schooling could not be hoard o ut-of-pocket to confidentiality of business. * other(a) limitations I have lacking of previous experience in this concern. And many practical matters have been written from my own observation that whitethorn vary from person to person. 1. 5 Methodology of the study 1. 5. 1 Methods of data collection Methodology is the study or theoretical digest of particular pro set working methods. Adoption of methodology is an grave factor in do any study. If the methodology of the study is justly adopted and the study runs properly according to the methodology, the study is supposed to be successful.The spare-time activity represents the methodology of the study. * preparation Conceptualization is the way of developing concepts about the thesis issuance and its related topics and its related matter the study follows a procedural approach in order to get complete picture of concentration of contrary banks initiatives to super C banking in worldwide and in Bangladesh. * theoretical Frame work This report theoretical manakin is focused on the insight of the current process theories and techniques in related to practicing one thousand banking to get sustain lifesize businessman.It emphasizes the green banking policy, green banking strategies, green products and presumptive key opportunities of the products. And their inter relationship with making the environment green. 1. 5. 2 Sources of info * Primary Sources The Primary Sources are as follows- i. Face-to-face conversation with the several(prenominal) placementrs and staffs of the Branch. ii. Informal conversation with the enthronement clients. * utility(prenominal) Sources The Secondary Sources of data and cultivation are i. Annual Report (Last five years) of different Banks. ii.Periodicals published by Bangladesh Bank. iii. Various books, articles, compilations etc. regarding green banking functions, and the policies. 1. 5. 3 entropy affect and summary Collected data and information some(prenominal) from primary and secondary sources were analyse in the. Raw data from the survey have collected and change and then classified and edited and then classified according to the objectives. I have used some techniques for the purpose of analysis. These are * Theoretical analysis * Graphical analysis * Tabular analysis 1. 5. Preparation of the report fol subverts steps are associated with the preparation of this thesis I. Representations of the assembled data by dint of interpret II. Preparation of the draft report III. Preparation of the final report 1. 5. 5 Flow chart of the study Methodology Conceptualization Developing Theoretical Framework Fixing Goals and Objectives Data Collection Primary Data Secondary Data Related Organization Identification of the Potential Problem Data Organization Data Processing, Interpretation and Analysis Findings Recommendations Report PresentationLiterature Re office A comprehensive literature study was done to gain an exact scenario of the prese nt status of green banking. During the literature survey relevant information was collected from a number of books journals, magazines, reports, government and non-government documents and other printed materials from the concerned financial and non-financial institutions. A very little study was conducted with the intensity of the green banking till today, although green banking is a burning issue and very crucial phenomena for the present world banking industry.Green (1989) revealed that a banks obligation extends to Government, clients, shareholders, staff, and the federation. Companies do have honourable righteousness, but it is not protected by limited liability from the consequences of their actions. A companys record and the cognition of its ethics affect its reputation and ensure long-term success or failure. Further, he conclude that as we face more and more complex and opposed issues, our commission to good behavior would be tested. Hitt, Keats and DeMarie (199 8) identified strategic challenges and discontinuities encountered by firms in twenty-first century.They analyzed that to build and maintain competitive advantage, requires a new types of organization, leaders for survival and spheric trade leadership. It was concluded that success in twenty-first century organization would depend on twist strategic flexibility like exercising strategic leadership, building kinetic core competencies, foc using and developing human capital, tellingly using new manufacturing technologies and implementing new organization structures and culture. at that placefore, the responsibility of banks in this scenario should be polished so that changes of 21st century ordure be effectively considerled. there is a strong adopt for re-inventing the role of banks as Jeucken (cc1) has compared three world regions Europe (24 banks), North the States (6 banks) and Oceania (Japan and Australia 4 banks) for the period of 1998 to 2000. He analyzed and focused some cardinal differences between regions, countries, and banks with regard to sustainable banking. The methodology was goodly establish on studying environmental and annual reports of banks. He concluded that 53 part of the banks adopt a defensive position towards the environment issue.Still, a considerable group of banks do not see the role, which they can play a sustainable learning. Sahu and Rajasekhar (2005) addressed and analyzed certain questions regarding bank creed to the inelegant sector and jar of the closure of cracker-barrel bank branches on the prep of consultation to agriculture by analyzing the data on the total owing(p) credit provided by the scheduled commercial banks to the agricultural sector during the period 1981 to 2000 and concluded that get ahead-oriented norms persuaded commercial banks to neglect the agricultural sector, provision of a credit subsidy number the supply of agricultural credit.Lyne, Nielson, and Tierney (2009) evaluated and anal yzed10, 000 Multilateral Development Banks (MDBs) loans from 1980 to 2000. They give that (MDBs) dramatically increased kindly loaning for health, education, and safety nets after(prenominal) 1985. til now the great powers affectionate policy preferences remained relatively static from 1980 to 2000. This contradicts the conventional status that powerful states control world(prenominal) Organizations (IOs). They argued that gamely institutionalized IOs like MDBs require a complete model of possible instalment-state coalitions encompassing the preferences of all member statesnot just major powers.McMichael (2009) questions the Banks new vision, arguing that new drink in old bottles go forth celebrate to supply affluence preferably than feed the world and sustain its agricultures, especially at a time when land is being commandeered for luxury foods (e. g. the livestock complex, all-season vegetables and fruits) and bio-fuels, n each of which feed the poor. Ironically, th e breeding of pauperism be the Banks main source of legitimacy. Goyal and Joshi (2011) studied a try out of 19 bank mergers (post liberalization) based on umber of branches and geographical brainwave in the securities industry. Apart from financial aspects, they observed some appear issues like employees perception, branch size, client perception, communication, change centering strategies, and human resource caution. These issues can be settled when a bank implements certain social and honourable policies. Weber and Remer (2011) described Social Banking as a way of value-driven banking that has a positive social and ecological impact at its heart, as substantially as its own scotch sustainability.Most of the Social Banks came out of the crisis much stronger and big than they were before. In addition, none of the Social Banks had to be bailed out with public funds. This increasely attracts the interest not only of clients searching for safe and sensible ways to bank d eposit their funds but too of conventional banks that begin to translate the capableness of a more socially oriented approach towards banking. It is a matter of alive(predicate)ness, which compel us to have some views from a different outlook.Bearing in mind the various functions of a bank and current scenario, now it is high time to understand the role of banks in 21st century. Therefore, this study is conducted to understand the various roles and responsibilities of banks in order to strive more effectively and cost-effectively against some current issues, which has already attracted the precaution of the world. Following are the objectives to uncover the issues * To understand the various roles and functions of Banks. * To know various emerging issues of 21st century in Banking Industry of India.The synopsis of my report literature review is Green Banking the focus is on satisfying lively needs in the real economy and the society also taking into account their social, cult ural, ecological, and economic sustainability. In the repercussion of the crisis, many people felt that green banking is more fondness for the overall progress of society than traditional and mainstream banking. It is assumed that green banking whitethorn provide important littleons for the banking and financial sector to avoid win crises in the next. 2. 1 Nature of the Research Research is the bodyatic probe into existing or new knowledge.It is used to establish or brook facts, reaffirm the results of previous work, solve new or existing problems, retain theorems, or develop new theories. The goal of the research process is to bring up new knowledge or deepen understanding of a topic or issue. This process takes three main forms I. Exploratory Research An alpha study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand or no information is operable on how convertible problem or research issues have been solved in the past. II. constructive Research Construct ive research tests theories and proposes solutions to a problem or question.III. data-based research Empirical research tests the feasibility of a solution using verifiable evidence. The literature review of this report is saying us a very little study was conducted with the intensity of the green banking till today, although green banking is a burning issue and very crucial phenomena for the present world banking industry. So, definitely my this report research type is exploratory research because, An exploratory study is undertaken when not much is known about the situation at hand or no information is available on how uniform problem or research issues have been solved in the past.Green Banking orbiculate calefacient, which is one of the most burning & discussed issues, has the worst impact on the modality of the orbiter as a whole. The rapid change in mode go out be too great to be adapted by the eco-systems, since the change have already make direct impact on biodive rsity, agriculture, forestry, juiceless land, irrigate resources and human health. As such(prenominal), issue of global warming calls for a global solution. Due to unusual weather pattern, rising glasshouse gas, declining tonal pattern out gauge etc. ociety demands that business also take responsibility in safeguarding the planet. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution, surface water scarcity, encroachment of rivers, unbecoming disposal of industrial, checkup and house-hold waste, deforestation, hurt of open space, release of biodiversity and many other issues. In response to increasing awareness over climate change, environmental degradation, urgent measures for sustainable training have been addressed by some of the stake holders all over the world.Banking system hold a unique position in an economy that can affect end product, business and other economic activities through their act for finance activities which would in t urn contribute to protect environment/climate from pollution. Moreover, talent in energy use, water outgo and waste lessening may significantly contribute for run cost of many of the macroscopical banks of the country.Projects/Businesses those include waste prevention and resource faculty systems in a wide range of sectors including community, commercial and business organizations such as shop centers, regional airports, hospitals, construction, farms, a university, public organizations, and educational organizations are receiving enhanced attention these days. Green finance as a part of Green Banking makes great contribution to the transition to resource-efficient and low carbon industries i. e. Green industry and green economy in general.Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save the climate/ environment. Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other businesses. 3. 2 Why Green Banking 3. 1 What is Green Banking * * Green Bank room * An ethical bank * A socially responsible bank * A sustainable bank. * Green Banking is to run * Innovative green products * Activities those are not hazardous to environment and help conserve environment. To help safeguard the planet from * unusual weather pattern * rising nursery gas * Declining air quality. * For ensuring green economic growth economic growth which is sustainable. * To meet one of the Millennium Development Goals Ensure environmental Sustainability. 3. 3 Definitions of Green Banking 3. 3. 2 The Broad focus 3. 3. 1 In general focus Green Banking is like a normal bank which considers the entire social and environmental factors it is also called as an ethical bank Ethical banks have started with the aim of protecting the environment.Green banking refers to the efforts of the Banking sector to keep the environment green and to minimize greenhouse effects through ra tionalizing their strategies, policy, decisions and activities pertaining to banking service, business and in-house operational activities. Green banking may be seen as a component of the global initiative from Banks end to save environment. Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other business. Green banking can benefit the environment either by trim back the carbon footprint of consumers or banks.Either works, some with physical composition. Either a bank o (a consumer can conserve typography and benefit the environment. Ideally, a green banking initiative allow for involve both. Online banking is an example of this. When a banks clients go online, the environmental benefits work both ways. Green banking means cartel operational improvements and technology, and changing client habits. 3. 3. 3 The definitions derived from specialists * Sherman stresses (Key Differentiator of Gre en pickaxe Bank, Chicago) With green banking, what sets leaders apart from the rest is ow you invest back in the community, so we are trying to develop loan products and deposit products that support good environmental choices * Todd Larson (Community investing guide, green America) a green bank is a logical extension of -socially responsible investing. * Sherman Stresses, (Key Differentiator of Green election Bank, Chicago) With green banking, what sets leaders apart from the rest are how you invest back in the community, so were trying to develop loan products and deposit products that reward good environmental choices. Todd Larson (Community investing guide, green America) A green bank is a logical extension of socially responsible investing. * Justin Pritc unsaid (columnist, about com) Green Bank is a bank focusing on sustainability. It is bank like others but they are to claim the green banking niche, and they hope to excel by serving companies and individuals interested in green business. For the most part, the bank pass on work with businesses that find ways to do more and use less. * Pravakar Shahoo (Author, Green Banking in India) The banks should go green and play a pro-active role to take environmental and ecological aspects as part of their bestow principle, which would force industries to go for mandated investment for environmental caution, use of appropriate technologies and management systems. * Geoff Green wade, President and CEO, Green Bank (Houston) Green banking means combine operational improvements and technology, and changing client habits. * Stacy Ayiers (Author, Green banking-a new resource bank) Specific banks designed to aid environmentally-conscious businesses and consumers with better incentives and loan rates.Despite the changes in our economic system in business caused by the housing market, these banks are go awaying to work with companies who want to empower sustainability. 3. 4 Conceptual derivation of Green Bankin g Americans are starting to turn to eco- favourable banking as a way to help reduce the carbon footprint from their normal banking activities. This movement away from branch and paper banking is being led by green banks that believe in social responsibility. The discussion around environmental management in financial institutions has until now largely taken place in industrialized countries.However, in view of the financial globalization and ever increasing environ-mental regulations, many financial institutions operating in developing and emerging countries are pressed to better manage risks arising from environmental liabilities. Besides credit and market risks, damage to an institutions reputation often represents an important driver for inter content banks. Domestic players including microfinance institutions may have different incentives, among others to contribute to topical anesthetic development, but they play an as important role.Empirical research since 1990 concluded that banks were not interested in their own environmental situation or that of their clients. We are witnessing certain changes and outgrowth awareness in the issue of financial sector like environmental investment funds, loans, green banking, global banking, rural banking, agri-banking, social banking and ethical banking. * Social Banking In Social Banking, the focus is on satisfying existing needs in the real economy and the society also taking into account their social, cultural, ecological, and economic sustainability.In the repercussion of the crisis, many people felt that social banking is more caring for the overall progress of society than traditional and mainstream banking. It is assumed that social banking may provide important lessons for the banking and financial sector to avoid further crises in the future. According to Institute for Social Banking, Social Banking describes the provision of banking and financial function that consequently pursue, as their main object ive, a positive contribution to the potential of all human beings to develop, today and in the future.Benedikter (2011) defines Social Banks as banks with a conscience. They focus on investing in community, providing opportunities for the disadvantaged, and accompaniment social, environmental, and ethical agendas. Social banks try to invest their coin only in endeavors that promote the greater good of society, sort of of those, which generate private profit just for a few. He has also explained the main difference between mainstream banks and social banks that mainstream banks are in most cases focused solely on the principle of profit maximization whereas, social banking implements the triple principle of profit-people-planet.Social banks mission about making a profit, but equally for promoting human and environmental well-being. It is this triple principle that they follow when they decide to whom to lend money, and for what purpose. It means that social banks consider social and economic sustainability when making financial decisions. sustainable investments and lending practices are ones that produce a better quality of life for the great possible amount of people, and whose effects endure over time and continue to produce a multiplicity of positive effects long after the initial investment.Now-a-days, social banks are becoming cultural power as social banking includes the concepts of humane and humanist in financial activities. * Ethical Banking The concerted Bank (UK) offers its customers home energy rating on purchases of consumer durables. The purpose is to alter them to better understand how energy efficient a property is and how to make improvements. Moreover, banks mortgages include carbon-offset features. Every year that a customer holds a mortgage, the bank offsets a fifth of the carbon dioxide emissions arising from a typical households energy consumption.Following customer consultation in 2003, offset money were used for reforestation in Uganda, a Bangladesh envision that trains local anaesthetic people to build energy efficient stoves and a Bulgaria labor supporting micro-hydro electricity generation. Citizens Bank (Canada) allows its customers to choose between a transmutation of VISA cards that benefit Oxfam Canada, Amnesty International or their charitable Shared Interest program by donating $0. 10 to not-for-profit initiatives worldwide every time their VISA card is used. This enabled Citizens Bank to gift thousands of dollars to Doctors.These are only a few of the wide range of service available at different ethical banks. * Agri-Banking Alston (2004) argued that planetary and national events like globalization, external policy manipulations such as the US farm bill, and national policy, are having a major impact on agricultural fruit in Australia. It is more likely that these issues are acting to continue and exacerbate a trend towards reduced viability for farm families evident in economic and soci al trends since at least the 1950s.It was further argued that social aspects of agricultural production in Australia noting social trends and drawing attention to the changing social relations of agriculture. It was concluded that there is dominance of farm families, the role of corporate agriculture, cultural diversity, the importance of women, and the practice of farm transfers. Punjab National Banks (PNB) incorporate Social Responsibility Report (2010) shows that agriculture and farmers related initiatives are taken by PNB increased lending to agriculture, weaker sectors and women which results in impacting their lives through income generation.Moreover, the report shows that the Bank has established two trusts viz. , PNB Farmers wellbeing Trust and PNB Centenary Rural Development Trust. These trusts are involved in streamlet training centers which imparts training in farming and also other non-farm activities. PNB Farmers Welfare Trust was established in the year 2000 for w elfare of the farmers, women and youth in rural areas. Under the aegis of the Trust, 8 Farmers Training Centers (FTCs) have been do operational at villages.Apart from this Mobile Van is being used at FTC Sacha Khera for providing off-site training on improved package & practices of agricultural crops & allied activities, soil testing and Jatropha cultivation. In addition, the van is acting as an information kiosk. * Rural Banking Ramachandran and Swaminathan (2002) break downd the effect of financial sector reform on rural banking and rural credit transactions in India. They reviewed the trends in selected indicators of rural banking at the national level over the last 30 years.Moreover, they used longitudinal data for a village in Tamil Nadu to examine changes in patterns of indebtedness and credit transactions among landless labor households. They concluded that the exploitation of landless labor households in the credit market has escalate with the introduction of financial re forms and lastly, the policy was envisaged as an alternative to the formal credit sector in the countryside. Burgess and Pande (2005) evaluated the impact of a large state-led bank branch intricacy program in India on rural poverty between 1977 and 1990.They used deviations and regression analysis and found that branch expansion into rural unbanked locations in India significantly reduced rural poverty. * Global Banking Miller, S. R. and Parkhe, A. (2002) conducted empirical test of the liability of foreignness in the global banking industry, using fitchIBCA Bank Scope data for the period 198996 and their findings strongly support the liability of foreignness hypothesis. Further, the data showed some evidence that the X- energy of a foreign-owned bank is strongly influenced by the competitiveness of its home country and the host country in which it operates.Moreover, it was found that in some environments U. S. -owned banks is more X-efficient than other foreign-owned banks in some environments, but less X-efficient in others. Mathur, N. D. (2009) has identified a tangible trend that growing integration of economies and the markets around the world is making global banking a reality. The use of meshwork banking has widened frontiers of Global Banking and it is now possible to market financial products and services on a global basis. Like other industries, banking has become more global. Banking stands out, however, in its legal form and reliance on cross border positions.Banks run special risks in lending abroad. McCauley, McGuire and neb (2010) have shown that some banking systems are international in their organization age others are multinational, and that the multinational model can be operated with a greater or lesser degree of centralization. While much work remains to be done in assessing the movement of various banking models during the crisis, it does appear that local assets proved more stable under stress. Cross-border claims and liabilities p roved less stable. These findings hold even if account is taken of the series break represented by US securities irms becoming reporting banks, exchange rate changes and distortions from mergers and acquisitions, some of which resulted from the crisis itself. * Other Issues Banks, usually take help of various Information Technology (IT) based channels to provide their banking and other services. For this purpose, they are in need to provide continuous and frequent information about their services. We can use IT as a strong means to fulfill our objectives social and ethical banking. The IT based banking services are as follows Mobile Banking is a new and emerging concept.Large numbers of people are still not aware about usage of mobile banking. In this, ones mobile phone is used to conduct banking transactions. The popularity of Online Banking is significantly increasing day by day. It is a term used for performing various transactions, deportments, and account avouchments etc. wit h the help of Internet. Relationship Managers, by and large for private banking or business banking, often visit customers at their homes or businesses. Video banking is a term used for performing banking transactions or professional banking consultations via a remote video and audio connection.Video banking can be performed via purpose built banking transaction machines (similar to an Automated teller machine), or via a Video conference enabled bank branch clarification. * 3. 4. 1 Flow Chart of conceptual derivation of Green Banking Green Banking There are some major concerns about environmental issues. Therefore, organization need to pay attention to their outputs whether they are violating environmental issues or not. At Triodos Bank, it is believed that profit should not be earned at the expense of the worlds most pressing environmental problems.That is why they finance organizations from organic food and farming businesses and pioneering renewable energy enterprises, to cycle companies and disposition conservation discombobulates. Citizens Bank of Canada has lowered its interest rate on loans for carbon emission cars. These kinds of efforts will surely motivate other banks to promote green banking and consequently in long run environmental issues can be resolved. Agri Banking Rural Banking Global Banking Social Banking Ethical Banking Other Issues Green Banking 3. 4. 2 Green Banking A New Eco-Friendly Concept in Banking landGreen banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save environment where, sustainable development has emerged as a new paradigm of development in response to the current chat of development that over-exploits natural environment for economic prosperity. The sustainable development can best be achieved by allowing markets to work within an appropriate framework of cost efficient regulations and economic instruments. One of the major economic agents influencing overall industrial activity and econom ic growth is the financial institutions such as banking sector.The banking sector influences the economic growth and development in terms of both quality and quantity, there by changing the nature of economic growth. Banking sector is one of the major sources of financing investment for commercial projects which is one of the most important economic activities for economic growth. Therefore, banking sector can play a crucial role in promoting environmentally sustainable and socially responsible investment (SRI). Banks may not be the stainrs themselves but they will belike have a banking relationship with some companies/investment projects that are polluters or could be in future.Banking sector is generally considered as environmental friendly in terms of emissions and pollutions. Internal environmental impact of the banking sector such as use of energy, paper and water are relatively low and clean. Environmental impact of banks is not physically related to their banking activitie s but with the customers activities. Therefore, environmental impact of banks external activity is huge though difficult to estimate. Moreover, environment management in the banking business is like risk management.It increases the enterprise value and lowers loss ratio as higher quality loan portfolio results in higher earnings. Thus, encouraging environmentally responsible investments and prudent lending should be one of the responsibilities of the banking sector. Further, those industries which have already become green and those, which are making serious attempts to grow green, should be accorded priority to lending by the banks. This method of finance can be called as Green Banking, an effort by the banks to make the industries grow green and in the process restore the natural environment.This concept of Green Banking will be mutually beneficial to the banks, industries and the economy. Not only Green Banking will ensure the greening of the industries but it will also facilitat e in improving the asset quality of the banks in future. Internationally, there is a growing concern about the role of banking and institutional investors for environmentally responsible/socially responsible investment projects. Banking and other financial institutions are more effective towards achieving this goal for the kind of intermediary role they play in any economy and for their potential reach to the number of investors.Environment is no longer the scoopful concern of the government and the direct polluters, but also the other partners and stake- holders in the business like financial institutions such as banking institutions can play a very important role in fostering gene linkage between economic development and environmental protection. To substantiate, quality of service, the implementation of environmental conservation measures, support to the deprived section of the society, concern about the quality of life and nature are the basic principles that the financial insti tutions are relying on in their business strategy in recent years.The banking operation targets a certain long-term rate of return on their credit and investment. Therefore, it is of importance to the banking sector to follow certain environmental evaluation of the projects before financing. There are studies showing positive correlation between environmental performance and financial performance (Hamilton, 1995 Hart, 1995 Blacconiere and Pattern, 1993). Thus, it is imperative for the financial institutions in the present term to consider environmental performance in deciding whether to invest in companies or advise clients to do so.The formation of different rules for environmental management like resource conservation, clean water act, clean air act, venomous substance control act are also viewed as potentially significant contributor to the recent increase in environmental liability for banking institutions. Adoption of these principles will offer significant benefits to finan cial institutions, to consumers and also the stakeholders. There have been attempts to adopt sustainable development strategies from various quarters at international level.Multilateral agencies, international consortiums, multilateral financial and development institutions have been advocating for environmental standards and strategies to evaluate investment projects. In the recent years, the international organization for standardization (ISO) has issued series of comprehensive guidelines for incorporating environmental protection and pollution prevention objectives into industrial activity worldwide, known collectively as ISO 14000. It would certainly give the much needed impetus for the banking industry to expand the use of environmental information in their credit extension and investment decisions.In this backdrop, the paper aims to discuss the issues of sustainability in Banking and how banks can play a role for sustainable growth and development, peculiarly in the Banglad esh context. The state of environment in Bangladesh is rapidly deteriorating. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution and scarcity, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial medical and house-hold waste, deforestation, and loss of open space and loss of biodiversity. In addition, Bangladesh is one of the most climate change indefensible countries.In line with global development and response to the environmental degradation, financial sector in Bangladesh should play important roles as one of the key stake holders. In response to the above, urgent measures are mandatory by stake holders for sustainable development and thereby save the planet. Banks hold a unique position in an economic system that can affect production, business and other economic activities through their financing activities and thus may contribute to pollute environment. Moreover, energy and water efficiency and waste reduction are of high concern for many big banks.Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other business. 3. 4. 4 Green Banking & Environmental pretend Management Interrelationship 3. 4. 3 Green Banking & Sustainable harvest-festival Sustainable development meets the need of present generation without compromising the ability of future generation to meet their own needs. The key to sustainable development is to ensure broad-based inclusive economic growth, with * Promotion of natural resources Preservation of regenerate capacity of ecological system * Avoidance of environmental risks on future generations. Banking sector can play an intermediary role between economic development and environmental protection. Green Banking & Environmental Risk Management (ERM) move together to care for * Environmental problems * Poverty & environment * High consumption patterns * Health and environment * Moral obligation 3. 4. 6 Scope of Green B anking 3. 4. 5 Purpose of Green BankingThe purpose of Green Banking Policy will be to ensure necessary measures to protect environmental pollution while providing service or financing customers as well as to improve in-house environment management through efficient use of various resources at Head Office, Branches and other link offices. This policy document will be applicable for issues related to Green Banking with respect to activities of the Bank and its customers that have impact on the environment. 3. 4. 7 Benefits of Green Banking Apart from enrichment of the external environment, Green Banking may also help improve the performance of the Bank in the following ways Basically Ethical (Green) banking avoids as much paper work as possible and rely on online/electronic transactions for processing so that you get green credit cards and green mortgages. less(prenominal) paperwork means less cutting of trees. * Creating awareness to business people about environmental and social res ponsibility enabling them to do an environmental friendly business practice. * Green (Ethical) banks adopt and implement environmental standards for lending, which is really a proactive idea that would enable eco-friendly business practices which would benefit our future generations. When you are awarded with a loan, the interest of that loan is comparatively less with normal banks because ethical banks give more importance to environmental friendly factors ecological gains. cancel resources conservation is also one of the underlying principles in a green bank while assessing capital/operating loans to extracting/industrial business sector. * reform the image of the Bank by showing and serving its commitment to the environment. * importantly reduce operational cost due to less consumption of office stationeries, energy and water. Enhance productivity as well as efficiency of the employees through skilled & optimum usage of technology. * Reduce possible health hazards by installing eco-friendly equipments. * Save significant portion of Forestry by reduce paper usage * Lessen emission of Green House Gases (GHGs) through making less corporate travelling through teleconferencing as well as set up transport pool for the employees. * Help develop customers consciousness on environment by arranging awareness development program * Reduce the extent of Non-Performing Loans (NPLs) if investment goes to less risky projectsThe Initiatives for Promoting Green Banking 4. 1 Ethical Initiatives and Community Involvement numerous banks (as well as some conventional banks) create initiates that allow the banker to contribute to organizations that have positive societal environmental impacts either in the local community or in developing countries. For example the Cooperative Bank (UK) offers customers a free Home capacity Rating on all house purchases, enabling them to better understand how energy efficient a property is and how to make improvements. Additionally, all of t he banks mortgages include carbon-offset features.Every year that a customer holds a mortgage the bank offsets a fifth of the carbon dioxide emissions arising from a typical households energy consumption following customer consultation 2003 offset monies were used for reforestation in Uganda, a Bangladesh project which trains local people to build energy efficient stoves and a Bulgaria project supporting micro-hydro electricity generation. Whereas the Citizens Bank (Canada) allows its customers to choose between a variety of VISA cards that benefit Oxfam Canada Amnesty International or their philanthropic Shared interest program by donating $0. 0 to non-for-profit initiatives worldwide every time their VISA card is used. This enabled Citizens Bank to donate $24,800 to Doctors without Borders/ Medicines Sans Frontiers in 2007. These are only a few of the wide range of services available at different ethical banks. umteen also have lower interest loans for low emission cars (ex. of l ow emission car initiative put forth by citizens Bank). Ethical banks excel in community involvement, as do other financial instructions such as credit unions. Community involvement is not limited to ethical banks as conventional banks also partake in such actions.The following are a few examples of community involvement done by ethical banks, credit unions, and conventional banks * Affordable housing projects (ex. Van city Citizens bank) * Many banks/credit unions try to increase financial literacy and consciousness for environment in the community * Financially support community events (for ex. each year TD Canada trust donates to a local cause). The role of Green banking in Environmental Management. The world has seen much focus on economic progress and mankind has made giant steps in its journey through time.The side effects of the development process have however, also been equally enormous-loss of biodiversity climatic change environmental damage, etc. Social issues such as, poverty alleviation have also become more important as the world has progressed economically Banks play an important role in development of an economy. The economic reforms totally have changed the banking sector. The banking sector forming a portion of the financial sector primarily works as a financial intermediary generating money supply.The banks should go green and play a pro-active role to take environmental and ecological aspects as part of their lending principle, which would force industries to go for mandated investment for environmental management use of appropriate technologies and management systems. Banks that are serious about sustainable development put principles at the heart of decision-making Fundamental issues such as how deals are done and loans are made, in searching proactively for opportunities and even in establishing and adhering to policy frameworks that deliberately preclude involvement in certain investments.For example, an investment in a factory that p ollutes heavily (and passes on the costs to the society at large) will generally have a higher financial rate of return than a factory that invests in expensive pollution control technology as a result showing a lower rate of return. A Green Banking movement such as less paper is good for the environment where Customers make paper less deposits, withdrawals and remittances. Going green through I. No paper statements (statements and charges summaries will be delivered electronically Via Internet Banking) II.Fewer letters to open (Bank will call or email us for service reasons wherever possible rather than write to us) III. No balk book or paying-in book for our current account. IV. No paper-based marketing. The Bank can concentrate on Nature and environment by projects in the field of renewable energy (wind energy & hydro-electric projects), organic agriculture across the entire value chain including health food shops and environment technology such as recycling companies and nature conservation projects.As environmental issues gain greater attention, pressures are being placed on all industries, including financial services, to implement green initiatives. Like Resource conservation through cash recycling, double-sided statement print-outs electro mobility. 4. 2 International Initiatives for Green Banking The financial sectors glowing adherence to environmental management system is attributed to the direct and indirect pressures from international and local Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs), multilateral agencies and in some cases the market through consumers.In the primordial 1990s, the United Nations Environment Program (UNEP) launched what is now known as the UNEP finance initiative (UNEPFI). Some 200 financial institutions around the globe are signatories of this initiative statement to promote sustainable development living the framework of market mechanisms toward common environmental goals. The objective is to integrate the environmental and soci al dimension to the financial performance and risk associated with it in the financial sector.As the commitment of this UNEPFI statement goes, sustainable development is regarded basic to the sound business management. It advocates for a precautionary approach towards environmental management and suggests compound environmental considerations into the fifty-fifty business operations, asset management, and other business decisions of the banks. IFCs environmental unit was established in 1991 for reviewing each project for environmental assessment.Similarly, the US Export-Import Bank regularly reviews while financing exports on the ground whether they are environmentally sound. It will be noteworthy to mention that Netherland-based ABN-Amro bank has developed certain Reputational Risk Management (RRM) policies to identify, asses and mange non-financial present within it business engagements- Similarly, some of the big international banks like ABN Amro, Deutsche, Standard Chartered, HSBC Bank etc. look at environment issues discussed under Kyoto Protocol.Going further, the Dutch Government has made a formal postulate to barks in achieving sustainable development. The dialogue between banks and government was established in 1999 to initiate policies for environmental improvements through the development of new financial products and services. Similarly, hide (FOE) and the Rainforest Action Network (RAN) challenged the industry with high-profile campaign that highlighted cases in which commercial banks were -bankrolling disasters in 2000 in the US.In 2002, a global coalition of NGOs formed a network named Bank Tract to promote sustainable finance in the commercial sector. This coalition came up with a resolution constituting six principles promoting environmental protection and social justice by banks and this is popularly known as Collevecchio Declaration. The six principles that this declaration advocated included commitments to sustainability no-harm respon sibility, accountability, transparency and sustainable market, and governance.More than 200 organizations have endorsed this declaration and urged the banks to incorporate these commitments into their business operation The declaration states that -Finance and barter has been at the center of a historic detachment between the worlds natural resource base, production and consumption. As we reach the boundaries of ecological boundaries of the ecological limit upon which all commerce relies, the financial sector should take its share of responsibility for reversing the effects this detachment has produced.All these concerns for sustainable finance or green finance have compelled the banking institutions to devise a common and coherent set of environmental and social policies and guidelines that can be used to evaluate the projects. A down(p) group of banks along with IFC carne together to initiate the process of designing the common guidelines in October 2002 and came up with a guide lines in June 2003 that is known as Equator Principles with 10 leading commercial banks adopting these voluntary set of principles.This equator principle was subsequently updated and the new revised sets of principles are hunched in July 2006. The coverage of projects being financed is spread out in this revised set of principles by lowering the finance brink from $50 million to $10 million presently 46 financial institutions from 16 countries with business operation in more than 100 countries have embraced this equator principle, So this principle has become a common standard of project finance that imported environmental and social issues in project finance.The activities of the equator banks (banks adopting equator principles) are being reviewed by NGOs worldwide and are being published whenever it is realise that they are not committed to Equator Principle. IFC along with the Financial Times has initiated Sustainable Banking Award since 2006. More than 104 financial instituti ons out of 151 entries from 51 countries have made it to the final lists of award 2007. The number of banks applying was up by more than 100 pct compared to the previous years 48 banks from 28 countries.All the international initiatives towards integrating environmental concerns into business operation of banks are voluntary in nature and are meant to a common good of a better ecosystem conscious commitment has its own shortcoming in a competitive market. Unless the market for green money will increase, the lenders will always have an incentive to increase their social commitment and prioritize the commercial interest in the short run. So demand for green money is a circumstance of green banking if it will be voluntary.A Government legislation that makes banks accountable for the misdeeds of their clients will help promotes green banking. 4. 2. 1 Global initiatives Durban Climate Conference Governments concord to adopt a universal legal agreement on climate change by 2015. Key De cisions * Green Climate Fund to be made available to developing countries by 2012. * Adaptive capacities of the poorest and most vulnerable countries to be strengthened. * Technology Mechanism to become fully operational by 2012. * Web-based registration of developing country mitigation actions seeking financial support. . 3 Domestic Initiatives for Green Banking Though be late, Bangladesh is now aware that global warming is an issue that calls for a global response. The rapid change in climate will be too great to allow many eco-systems to suitably adapt, since the change have direct impact on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, dry land, water resources and human health. Due to unusual weather pattern, rising greenhouse gas, declining air quality etc. society demands that business also take responsibility in safeguarding the planet.Green finance as a part of Green Banking makes great contribution to the transition to resource-efficient and low carbon industries i. e. green indus try and green economy in general. Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save environment. The state of environment in Bangladesh is rapidly deteriorating. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution and scarcity, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial medical and house-hold waste, deforestation and loss of open spaces and loss of biodiversity.In addition, Bangladesh is one of the most climate change vulnerable countries. In line with global development and response to the environmental degradation, financial sector in Bangladesh can play important roles as one of the key stake holders. In response to the above, urgent measures are required by stakeholders for sustainable development and thereby save the planet. Banks hold a unique position in an economic system that can affect production, business and other economic activities though their financing activities and thus may contribute to protect environment.Moreover, energy and water efficiency and waste reduction are of high concern for many big banks- Green banks or environmentally responsible banks do not only improve their own standards but also affect socially responsible behavior of other business. 4. 3. 1 Bangladesh Banks Earlier Initiatives Bangladesh Bank (BB) is well aware of the environmental degradation situation as mentioned above and has already accustomed time to time directions to all scheduled banks.Commercial Banks are now required to ensure necessary measures to protect environmental pollution while financing a new project or providing working capital to the existing enterprises. Banks have been advised to facilitate their clients with utmost care in enterprisingness Letter of Credit (L/C) for installation of Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) in the industrial units. Banks have been advised to finance in Solar Energy, Bio-gas, ETP and crisscross Hoffman Kiln (HHK) in brick field under refinance program of BB.A comprehensive guideline on Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) has been issued where banks have been asked to concentrate hard on linking CSR at their highest corporate level for ingraining environmentally and socially responsible practices and engaging with borrowers in scrutiny of the environmental and social impacts. Banks have been brought under the purview of E-commerce with a view to providing the customers with online-banking facilities covering payments of utility bills, money transfer and transactions in local currency through net profit as well.Considering the adverse effects of Climate Change, banks have been advised to be cautious about the adverse impact of natural calamities and encourage the farmers to groom salinity resistant crops in the salty areas, water resistant crops in the water locked and flood prone areas, drouth resistant crops in the drought prone areas, using surface water instead of underground water for irrigation and also using org anic fertilizer, insecticides by natural means instead of using chemical fertilizer and pesticides. 4. 3. 2 Commercial Banks Attention to Green BankingBangladesh Bank governor urged the chief executive officers of the countrys banks to pay attention to green banking, by investing in energy efficiency and renewable energy projects. Central bank has a fund named -Renewable Energy Fund. Only two banks have so far taken the opportunities offered by the fund. The central bank governor made the request at the intromission ceremony of the Environmental Risk management Guidelines. BB urged the banks and financial institutions to keep climate change and environmental considerations as priorities in their activities.The Impact of a deteriorating climate on financial institutions and business enterprise have driven the origin of the Environmental Risk Management Guidelines, encouraging banks and FIs to adopt risk management practices to safe guard against these inevitable environmental conce rns. Detailed guidelines on green banking were Issued on February 27,2011 in which banks have been advised to give more tenseness to help environment by eliminating paper uses saving gas and carbon emissions, and reducing printing costs and postage expenses.Banks shall comply with the instructions stipulated in the detailed guidelines on Environmental Risk Management in consideration of a part of the Green Banking Policy. The comprehensive guidelines were developed by Bangladesh Bank in collaboration with IFC and with input from Bankers Association of Bangladesh and financial sector stakeholders and have been issued to all financial institutions in the country. The Major Area & Products of Green Banking 5. 1 The Major Areas of Green Banking Green banking can benefit the environment either by reducing the carbon footprint of consumers or banks.Either a bank or a consumer can conserve paper and benefit the environment. Ideally, a green banking initiative will involve both. Online ba nking is an example of this. When a banks customers go online, the environmental benefits work both ways. Other examples of what Green Bank Report considers forms of green banking on the consumer side include * Green Deposits Banks can offer higher rates on CDs, money market accounts, checking accounts and savings account if customers opt to conduct their banking activities online. Green Checking converting checking accounts to online banking * Green silver Market Accounts converting savings accounts to online banking * Green CDs bonus rates for online banking * Green