Assignment on human growth and development

Assignment on human growth and expandmentThis judge uses theoretical perspectives of social sciences relevant to human growth and development by demonstrating the socialisation process and the impingement of family structures on the normal development of Gerry. It uses the Maslows hierarchy of needs to explore the effects of poverty on Gerrys infancy and it leave alone use Balter, Catherin Tamis-Lemonda to support Maslows philosophy needs. Further more than it testament go on to use Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypothesis to memorialize the effects of shackle during Gerrys infancy. More still with the use of Erik newss st be ons of individuality versus role confusion to converse Gerrys adolescence, the theory of generativity versus stagnation to explore his due date developmental task of his change and stagnation to purchase order and finally the psychological crisis of ego integrity verses despair to explain the effects and causes during his development in middle adul thood. still, other psychologists theories will be used to support Eriksons theories or critic them.During his infancy, 0-2 years by Piaget (1936) (cited in Crawford and Walker 2009 p 22), Gerry and his family experienced poverty because his father had been do redundant. This means that Gerrys family could not afford to meet his raw material needs. harmonise to Maslows pyramedical sample (1970) ( cited Steers 1998 p21 ) lower -level needs much(prenominal) as food, clothing and shelter engender to be fulfilled to a reasonable degree before the more advanced need levels such as self actualisation, esteem, love/ belong ,and safety are met. It potful be argued that the failure of Gerrys family to meet his elementary needs had a profound effect on his development. This argument is support by Balter, Catherin Tamis- Lemonda. They argue that children growing up in poverty develop developmental delays in intellectual development. Social, emotional and behavioural problems (Balter, Catherin Tamis- Lemonda 2003 p.391) (cited Chafel, 1993 and Garbarino, 1993).Poverty goes hired man in hand with gross ine eccentric, unemployment and adverse consequences for poor people and society as a whole. Deprivation experienced by poor families affects their quality of life, their health and life expectancy and the education outcomes of their children. Poverty brings despair and tending Rebach and Bruhn (2001 p. 369).This argument is supported by Spode and Saracho, (2006) (cited in Duncan and Brook-Gunn, 1997), who say that children growing up in poverty develop more emotional and behavioural problems than children who represent in above the poverty line. This is because early cognitive and behavioural outcomes show to predict by and by school success.another(prenominal) challenge that Gerry encountered was maternal deprivation. This occurred when his yield was in hospital during the birth of Lily and as a result, Gerry had to be looked subsequently by his grand br eed. tally to Bowlbys (1953, 1969) (cited in Smith, Cowe and Blades 2004 p106) maternal deprivation hypothesis, children should not be deprived of contact with the mother during a critical period when the primitive alliance relationship is being formed. He excessively believed that both mother and baby were predisposed biologically to stay in contact and except this relationship would allow normal development. neverthe slight, critiques of Bowlby like (Oakley 1981) (cited in Holmes 1993 p. 45) argue that to utter that both separation of mother from child in the first ternary years of life is likely to be damaging is un contendranted. Oakley further argued that at that set up is no harm in entrusting the infant to the care of a responsible grandmother or baby-minder.However, Archer (1992 p.32) states that Hinde and his colleagues studied the effects of shorter periods of separation from a mother on later behaviour in young rhesus monkey monkeys. The outcomes from the studi es indicated by the infants experienced mild disturbance and frustrating situations. It can past be argued that Bowlbys maternal deprivation hypotheses is better placed in explaining what Gerry went through with(predicate) during his separation from his mother.Another challenge that Gerry faced in his infancy was siblings rivalry. This took place at the arrival of the new born Lily. Dun (1993) (cited in Shaffer 2009 .p 388) argues that later on(prenominal) a new baby arrives, mothers typically devote less unattackable and playful forethought to the older child, who whitethorn respond to this perceived except by be coming difficult, disruptive and less securely attached. This results into a center of completion, jealousy or resentment mingled with siblings. It can then be argued that the birth of Lily when Gerry was barely two years old might countenance left Gerry pinch neglected and unwanted because his mother had to give her attention to the new born Lily.Furthermore, G erry experienced a long-term effect of the thorough war-related trauma which led him to suffer greater emotional difficulties and milieual grief in life. On top of that he experienced more accent mark when he moved homes from a familiar environment and away from his peers. agree to (Bell et al 1990 and Giffoed 1994) (cited in Bell, Greene, Fisher and Baum. 2001), it is augured that environmental distress examines the relationship between the person and his physical environment. More still, Main at al (1985) similarly adds that the adolescent can become disorganised and disoriented by the outlet and trauma if the traumatic experience is not resolved. It can be argued that the war had a profound psychological effect on his development as a 12 year old boy by 1945.Another issue in Gerrys adolescence was neediness of positive attitude towards education in school although he changed this attitude while in the army and plain chose to pursue an engineering career. This is because G erry had grown up in an environment where approximately people cleared in the factories and had low levels of education he believed that his destiny was to work as a factory labourer since he had no environmental support especially from his father that inspired him to pursue education higher.According to Piagets (1984) (cited in van wormer, Besthorn and Keefe 2007) theory of cognitive development, school related concerns more or less intelligence, achievements and behaviour of learning are accumulated gradually as a function of environmental support. The Social Learning theory posits that children learn and sit down their social and cognitive behaviour by observing and imitating adults in their environment (Bandura, 1971). Therefore it can be argued that Gerry did not like education because he had no role model.However, it is notable the cadence Gerry was about to leave the forces school, he was faced with the challenge of knowing who he was and what he was leaving to be upon returning to the community. Having been born in a poor, uneducated family and neighbourhood, it was conviction for him to ponder whether to remain as he was in his community or to independently identify himself.According to Erikson (1975)s psychosocial development, it appears that Gerry was faced with a stage of individuality versus role confusion where adolescents redefine themselves. It should also be noted that events that happened in Gerrys adolescence seemed to subscribe had a more buffering and compensatory effect than his depriving earlier experiences (Bowlby, 1988). The army offered him the prospect to learn the engineering trade and one could argue that he may feel found replacement experiences in form of role models and accent on career direction which prompted him to stay on even after the national service. At this stage, Gerry realised that he did not have any qualification and because of that, life would be difficult for him upon return to civilian life.However critics of the psychosocial model argue that Eriksons findings were based on clinical observations and his work lack ecological validity or statistical analyses. Although critics do hold such opinions, Rutter, (2003) points out that research results stiffly support his notion on basic trust, identity, intimate relationship and the developmental crises. (Rutter, 1993 cited in Ewen, 2003). It can be argued that Gerrys identity versus role confusion was resolved by the army by offering him the opportunity to study engineering.Between the age of 40-65 by Havinghurst cited Karin and Walker, (2009, p 98) Gerry was in his middle adulthood, he faced a life with triviality, stagnation, and decline imputable to the detachment that happened to him during his infancy. According to Bowlbys, (1969, p. 194) extension theory, he says that early experience in childhood has an important influence on the development and behaviour later in life and an evolutionary component The propensity to make s trong emotional bonds to particular individuals is a basic component of human nature.However Hazen and Shaver, (1987) argue that the pattern established in childhood has no impact on later relationships.More to the above, Feeney and Noller (1993) say if a child experiences evacuateant attachment during infancy, as adults, they will tend to have difficulty with intimacy and faithful relationships. Such people do not put quality time in relationships, are not bothered when they end and normally avoid intimacy by using excuses (such as long work hours), or may fantasize about other people during sex. Their research also holds that adults with an avoidant attachment style are more accepting and likely to work in casual sex.However Wagner (1987) argues that an adult should not be diabolic for the attachment styles formed in infancy, because what ever happened during that time is not necessarily identical to that demonstrated in adult romantic-attachment. This is because a great go on of time that has gone by between infancy and adulthood. Therefore intervene experiences have played a big role in Gerrys attachment styles. Those described as ambivalent or avoidant in infancy can become securely attached as an adult.More to the above he had little to do with his parents especially his father and neither did he have a good relationship with his son. This was because during Gerrys infancy he missed out on the father-son relationship, therefore one can assume he did not get proper supervision during his adolescence and less bonding with his father thusly made him have poor parenting skills. According to Banduras (1971) social-cognitive learning theory, he says behaviour is learned through observation and imitation.However, Watson and Skinners (1920) theories of classical and operant conditioning discord with Bandura by saying that all behaviour is learned as a response to external stimuli or environment. The classical occurs when an organism learns to respond in a particular way and the stimulus does not evoke that reference of response and with the operant conditioning, an organism learns through rewards and punishments. It can then be argued that Banduras social-cognitive learning theory better placed Gerrys learning of behaviour.At the age of 51 Gerry should have been looking back at in his memories and sentiment fulfilled with his life, but he was faced with depression and found it ponderous to accept the death of his mother and father even if he did not get on well with them, the loss of relationship with his son and partners.According to Erikson, achieving a sense of integrity means fully accepting oneself, ones accomplishments, and coming to terms with mortality. Accepting responsibility for your life and being able to disclose the past and achieve satisfaction with self is essential. On the other hand, Gerry may have looked back at his life with a sense of incertitude or gloom over the lifes worth, hence resulting in a feeling o f despair.This led to Gerry not being compassionate, more reflective and judicious, thus less tyrannized by his inner conflict and external demands.More still it is seen that Gerry had a number of loses in life and less love for others, like Edina, Elizbieta and his son Emo, retired on heath grounds.All in all, Gerrys early life has been passing disrupted he has had two care placements in total as well as many changes of caretakers during his first year. Evidently Gerry did not have a strong sense of bonding with his family and did not have the opportunity to develop a secure attachment during his infancy and childhood. During his middle adulthood he tried to develop an attachment when he got engaged and wed to Edina, but due to his effects of separation during his infancy and childhood his interior working model is of mistrust. This led him to be promiscuous. Poverty goes hand in hand with gross inequality, unemployment and adverse consequences for poor people and society as a w hole. Deprivation experienced by Gerrys family affected his quality of life, health and life expectancy and his education outcomes it also caused him despair and fear.

Plant Medicines in Cancer Treatment

ready Medicines in Cancer TreatmentReview of Lite fundamenturePlants as healing(p) agentsPlant medicines argon the nearly widely expenditu rosy medicines in the world today. The use of herbs and dos as the first medicine is a universal phenomenon. E truly floriculture on earth, through written or oral tradition, has relied on the extensive anatomy of natural chemistry set in healing nominates for their healing(p) properties (Serrentino 1991). Plants with therapeutic potential may be defined as whatever show that burn down be put to culinary or medicative use. young anticipa golf tees engraft that viands and their constituents coif in a expressive style similar to modern medicates without the dreaded side make (Serrentino 1991). Sometimes plant medicine is viewed as complementary medicine, working closely with allopathic drugs. or so 5.1 billion people worldwide employ natural plant- base remedies as their primeval medicines for both acute and degenerative wellness problems, from treating cat valium cold to coercive blood pressure and cholesterol (Stockwell, 1988).Most of the drugs were substances with a cut officular therapeutic bodily process infusioned from plants. Some medicines, such as the cancer drug Taxol from genus Taxus brevifolia and the anti-malarial quinine from Cinchona pubescens atomic number 18 manufactu inflamed from the plants. early(a) medicinal agents such as pseudoephedrine originally derived from ephedra species and methylsalicylate, derived from gaultheria procumbens atomic number 18 now synthesized. Plant medicines stay put indispensable to modern pharmacology and clinical practice. Much of the current drug discovery and development process ar plant-based, and new medicines derived from plants be inevitable. efficacious foodsA food can be regarded as a practicable food if it is demonstrated to affect one(a) or more designate functions in the body beyond adequate nutrition and improves health/ w elf be or reduces the risk of diseases (Tsao and Akhtar, 2005). On this basis, a functional food can be a natural food, a food to which a official fraction has been added, or from which a deleterious component has been removed or a food where the nature of one or more components has been modify (Tsao and Akhtar, 2005). While searching for new sources of functional food, attention has been paid to vegetables from the family Brassicaceae family, which more often used in the merciful diets. The cruciferous vegetables may thus become a potential source of a alimental food or food ingredients. Recent enquiry showed that cruciferous vegetables end an appropriate amount of bioactive compounds such as GLs, ITCs, tocopherols, L-ascorbic battery-acid, vitamin B, reduced glutathione, inositol phosphates and poly phenolic compounds Nakamura et al, 2001 Zielinski and Kozlowska, 2003 Zielinski et al, 2005 Takaya et al, 2003.Cruciferous plantsThe family mustard family (Brassicaceae) is an e conomically chief(prenominal)(prenominal) family with about 350 genera and 3000 species that includes some(prenominal)(prenominal)(prenominal) edible plants. Despite the neat diversity among the crucifers, members of only a few genera ar eaten. The close ordinarily eaten cruciferous vegetables belong to the genus Brassica that includes broccoli, cabbage, caulif subvert, kale and Brussels sprouts. Other cruciferous vegetables used in the human diet such as radish, water supply cress, wasabi, horseradish, garden cress, Italian cress, Swiss chard and crambe belong to another(prenominal) genera of the family such as Raphanus, Nasturtium, Wasabia, Armoracia, Lepidium, Eruca, Beta and Crambe respectively.Cruciferous vegetables ar weighty dietary constituents in many parts of the world and appear to t hematin for about 10 15% of total vegetable inspiration, reaching closely 25% in countries with a high consumption (Bosetti et al, 2002 Chiu et al, 2003). However, regional pro totype of crucifer consumption varies substantially in different parts of the world. The highest intake of cruciferous vegetable was inform to that of people in China, who consumed more than one hundred g per day, representing about one-fourth of their total vegetable intake (Chiu et al, 2003). Other Asians and some Middle Eastern populations in Japan, Singapore, Thailand and Kuwait as well abide a relatively high intake of cruciferous vegetables, ranging from 40 80 g per day (Bosetti et al, 2002 Seow et al, 2002 Shannon et al, 2002 Memon et al, 2002). However, the only study carried out in India (Rajkumar et al, 2003) showed a lower daily intake of cruciferous plants, of about 17 g per day. In North America, the daily estimated consumption was in the range of 16 40 g per day (Lin et al, 1998) and in South America, it was about 3 15 g per day (Atalah et al, 2001). The daily intake of cruciferous vegetables was account to be about 5 30 g per day in Europe (Bosetti et al, 200 2), 50 g per day in Australia (Nagle et al, 2003) and 15 g per day in South Africa (Steyn et al, 2003) respectively.Raphanus sativusR. sativus is believed to stimulate originated in southern Asia and was cultivated in Egypt. The first cultivated R. sativus was baleful variety and later on whitened and red R. sativus were developed. It was highly esteemed in antediluvian Greece, and the Greek physician Androcydes ordered his patients to eat R. sativus as a preservative against in deadlyation. The Nipponese white R. sativus, withal named daikon, is the vegetable for which the literature reports the highest per capita consumption, quoted at 55 g per day in Japan (Talalay and Fahey, 2001). In addition to this, Japanese alike consumes R. sativus sprouts under the name of Kaiware radish.Varieties of R. sativusThere are six main varieties of R. sativus such as Daikons, Red Globe, White Globe, Black, White Icicles and California mammoth WhiteDaikons (R. sativus L)This variety is primal to Asia. They are large and carrot-shaped, boast a white flesh that is juicy and a bit hotter than a red radish, but milder than dark-skinned.Red Globe (R. sativus var. red)This variety is the most popular in the United States. It is small, round or oval shaped, referred to as button red radishes and agree a solid crisp flesh.White Globe (R. sativus var.white)This variety is small and oval shaped, referred to as hailstone or white button. They have white flesh and milder than the red variety.Black (R. sativus var. niger)This variety is thought to be native to Egypt and Asia. They are turnip- measurementized in size and shape. They are quite pungent and siccative than other varieties of radishes.White Icicles (R. sativus L var. thin)This variety is long and tapered. They have a white flesh that is milder than the red variety.California Mammoth White (R. sativus L var. large)A larger variety than the white icicle, these varieties have oblong- shaped grow and their flesh i s slightly pungent.Nutritive value of R. sativusR. sativus paper and its leafy part are ideal vegetables as they provide an excellent source of vitamin C. fan-leaved part nabs almost six times the vitamin C cloy of its square up and alike a good source of calcium and iron. R. sativus is also a good source of potassium and folic acid. It is very low in fats. Approximately, carbon g of raw vegetable provides roughly 20 Kcal, coming by and large from carbohydrates (Table 2.1). Thus R. sativus is a dietary food that is relatively filling for its thermal value. Some sources list R. sativus as being flush in dietary fiber, whereas other sources differ in respect of its roughage content (USDA intellectual nourishment Database, 1999 Duke and Ayensu, 1985).Health benefits of R. sativus (Traditional usage of R. sativus)According to Hakeem Hashmi, an eminent Unani physician from India, R. sativus is unparallel in curing any kind of ailments. All the parts of R. sativus including its seed, stem, root and leaves are used in food and medicine. R. sativus is a unique vegetable having a hot and cold effect on the body simultaneously. R. sativus, like other members of the cruciferous family (cabbage, kale, broccoli, Brussels sprouts) contains cancer-protective properties.Liver and gall bladder disordersthroughout the history, R. sativus root and seeds have been trenchant when used as medicinal food for liver disorders. They contain sulfur-based compounds such as GLs and ITCs that increase the flow of bitterness and help to maintain healthy gallbladder and liver (Chevallier, 1996). They are useable in treating jaundice and also an excellent remedy for gall bladder stone.Kidney disordersR. sativus root, seeds and leaves are water pill in nature and increase the urine output. Their diuretic properties help to flush out the toxins accumulated in the kidneys and protect them from infections and instigative conditions. It is an old belief that R. sativus can aid in the treatment as well as prevention of kidney stones (Chopra et al, 1986).Respiratory disordersR. sativus is an anti-congestive and relieves congestion of the respiratory form. It has free-base to be beneficial in problems associated with bronchitis (Bown, 1995) and asthma (Duke and Ayensu, 1985).Skin disordersR. sativus helps to cure scrape disorders such as leucoderma, rashes, cracks, etc and also refreshes the skin by maintaining the moisture content of the skin (Duke and Ayensu, 1985).Digestive disordersR. sativus root, seeds and leaves are wealthy in roughage (indigestible carbohydrates) which facilitates digestion, go on water and relieve constipation (Chopra et al, 1986). They also soothe the digestive system and stimulate appetite (Chevallier, 1996)Nervous and vascular disordersR. sativus decreases nervous tensions and is also useful in enhancing blood circulation. It is a remedy for insomnia, hypochondria and irritative conditions of the key nervous system (Panda, 1999).O ther benefitsR. sativus is germicidal and suppresses phlegm. It is a good appetizer, speak fresher, laxative, regulates metabolic process, remedy for headache, acidity, piles, nausea, obesity, sore throat, whooping cough, dyspepsia, etc (Nadkarni, 1976 Kapoor, 1990).Chemical constituents of R. sativusGLs are an important and unique several(prenominal)ize of secondary plant metabolites undercoat in the seeds, roots and leaves of R. sativus (Daxenbichler et al, 1991 Blazevic and Mastelic, 2009). GLSs include several naturally occurring thioglucosides with a common social organisation (Figure 2.2) characterized by side chain (R) with varying aliphatic, aromatic and heteroaromatic carbon skeletons, all presumably derived from amino acids by a chain-lengthening process and hydroxyl group groupation or oxidation (Larsen, 1981).In the intact cell, GLs are separated from thioglucosidase (EC 3.2.3.11), an enzyme for the most part known as myrosinase. When the plant cell structure is damaged, myrosinase catalyzes the hydrolysis of GLs to yield D-glucose, sulfate and a series of compounds including isothiocyanates, thiocyanates and nitriles, depending on both the substratum and the reaction conditions, especially the pH (Figure 2.2). GLs are also hydrolyzed by thioglucosidase bodily function of the intestinal microflora (Jeffery and Jarrell, 2001).4-(methylthio)-3-butenyl glucosinolate (glucoraphasatin), 4-(methylsulfinyl) butyl glucosinolate (glucoraphanin) and 4- (methylsulfinyl)-3-butenyl glucosinolate (glucoraphenin) are the most predominant GLs in the root and seeds of R. sativus (Daxenbichler et al, 1991 Carlson et al, 1985). These GLs on hydrolysis by myrosinase yield MTBITC, sulforaphane and sulforaphene respectively. GLs are not uniformly distributed and are highest in the distal end of the root, decreasing in upper root sections with the net level in vegetative tops (Esaki and Onozaki, 1980).Apart from GLs and their breakdown products, R. sativus also contains polyphenolics such as phenolic acid, flavonoids and anthocyanins. Several polyphenolic compounds including sinapic acid esters and kaempferol were detached from R. sativus sprouts (Takaya et al, 2003). 12 acylated anthocyanins (pelargonidin) were isolated from R. sativus red variety (Otsuki et al, 2002). Phytochemical screening showed the presence of other phytochemicals such as triterpenes, alkaloids, saponins and coumarins in R. sativus seeds (Mohamed et al, 2008).The myrosinase catalyzed hydrolysis of glucosinolates. (Adapted from Rusk et al, 2000)Novel classes of plant defensins (small basic cysteine rich peptides) such as Raphanus sativus antifungal peptide 1 and 2 (RsAFP1 and RsAFP2) were isolated from the seeds of R. sativus (Terras et al, 1992a). RsAFP1 and RsAFP2 are highly basic oligomeric proteins composed of small (5 KDa) polypeptides that are rich in cysteine. Both RsAFP1 and RsAFP2 have a broad spectrum antifungal application and show a high degree of spe cificity to filamentous fungi (Terras et al, 1992b). They are active against both phyto infectious fungi such as Fusarium culmorum and Botrytis cinerea (Terras et al, 1992b), human pathogenic fungi such as Candida albicans (Aerts et al, 2007) and occasionally possess antibacterial exercise. However, they are non- venomous to humans and plant cells. R. sativus 2S storage albumins were identified as second new(a) class of antifungal protein (Terras et al, 1992a). They also inhibit the emersion of different plant pathogenic fungi and certain bacteria (Terras et al, 1992a).At least eighter from Decatur distinguishable isoperoxidases were isolated and purified to apparent homogeneity from Korean R sativus roots. Among them are two cationic isoperoxidases such as C1 and C3 and four anionic isoperoxidases such as A1, A2, A3n and A3 (Lee and Kim, 1994). Plant peroxidases play an important design in several physiological functions such as removal of peroxide, oxidation of indole-3-acetic acid and toxic reductants, wound healing and cell wall biosynthesis (Hammerschmidt et al, 1982). Further, peroxidase represents an important component of an early response in plants to pathogen attack and plays a key role in the biosynthesis of lignin, which limits the extent of pathogen spread (Bruce and West, 1989). The products of this enzyme in the presence of a hydrogen donor and hydrogen peroxide have healthful operation and even antiviral activity (Van Loon and Callow, 1983). Recently, a novel heme peroxidase intrinsically resistant to H2O2 was isolated from R. sativus (Japanese daikon), which showed relatively stronger oxidative st energy than that of origin horse radish peroxidase (HRPA2) (Rodrguez et al, 2008).Biological activities of R. sativusEvidence from numerous investigations reveals that the biological and pharmacologic functions of R. sativus are mainly due to its GLs and its breakdown products ITCs (Esaki and Onozaki, 1982 Nakamura et al 2001 Barillari et al , 2006 Papi et al, 2008). These compounds provide to R. sativus its lineament odor and flavor as well as most of their biological properties. GLs and/or ITCs have long been known for their fungicidal, bacteriocidal, nematocidal and allelopathic properties (Brown et al, 1991) and have at packeted intense research interest be trend of their cancer chemoprotective attributes (Fahey et al, 2001 Verhoeven et al, 1997). Polyphenolics, alkaloids, saponins, isoperoxidases and antifungal peptides are also accountable for pregnant part of the health benefits of R. sativus. These constituents are inform to exhibit several biological effects, including radical scavenging activity (Takaya et al, 2003), gut stimulatory, uterotonic and spasmogenic effects (Gilani and Ghayur, 2004 Ghayur and Gilani, 2005), anti-hyper lipoidemic activity (Wang et al, 2002) and anti-atherogenic effects (Suh et al, 2006) and would perhaps work synergistically with GLSs and ITCs of R. sativus.Antioxidant activityDa mage to proteins, lipids and DNA by unstable atomic number 8 species (ROS) and reactive nitrogen species (RNS) can lead to a variety of chronic diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular, inflammatory and age- link up neurodegenerative diseases (Borek, 1997 Richardson, 1993). ROS/RNS can damage cell membranes, break off enzymes, reduce immunity (Ahsan et al, 2003) and induce mutations (Loft and Poulsen, 1996). ROS/RNS are by-products of normal aerobic metabolism and could occur during mitochondrial/microsomal electron transport chain, phagocytic activity or generated from oxidase enzymes and transition metal ions (Nohl et al, 2003 Aruoma et al, 1989). Other sources of ROS/RNS are environmental factors such as pollution, sun damage, cigarette smoke or even some kinds of the foods (Schroder and Krutmann, 2004). These reactive species and the resulting oxidative damages are usually counteracted by the antioxidant defense mechanisms (Bagchi and Puri, 1998). Recent studies evidence that plant-based diets, particularly those rich in vegetables and fruits, provide a goodish amount of antioxidant phytochemicals such as vitamins C and E, glutathione, polyphenolics, sulfur containing compounds and pigments, which offer guard against cellular damage (Dimitrios, 2006).VitaminsAscorbic acid is raise to be the most effective antioxidant in inhibiting lipid peroxidation initiated by a peroxyl radical initiator among several types of antioxidants including a-tocopherol (Fei et al, 1989). Ascorbic acid is also capable of scavenging hydrogen peroxide, privatet oxygen, superoxide and hydroxyl radicals cost-effectively (Fei et al, 1989). It is also voluminous in the regeneration and recycling of tocopherols and -carotene (Niki et al, 1995). legion(predicate) studies have shown that ascorbic acid is effective in lowering the risk of develop cancers (Block, 1991) and cardiovascular diseases (Trout, 1991). In spite of the overwhelming evidence on the health benefits, howeve r, there are reports that demonstrated the pro-oxidant activity of ascorbic acid (Podmore, 1998). Tocopherols are indwelling vitamins with their study(ip) role as antioxidants in protecting polyunsaturated roly-poly pudding acids (PUFAs) and other components of cell membranes and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) from oxidation, thereby preventing the onset of heart diseases (Rimm et al, 1993).PolyphenolicsPolyphenolics is an super comprehensive phrase that covers many different subgroups of phenols and phenolic acids. These compounds are most commonly present in fruits and vegetables. They are essential to the physiology of plants, being involved in diverse functions such as lignification, pigmentation, pollination, allelopathy, pathogen/predator resistance and growth (Haslam, 1996). Polyphenolics include single-ring structure such as hydroxybenzoic acids and hydroxycinnamic acids and multi-ring structure such as flavonoids, which can be further classified into anthocyanins, flavan -3-ols, flavones, flavanones and flavonols. Some of the flavonoids such as flavan-3-ols can be found in their dimeric, trimeric and polymeric forms. Most of the polyphenolics are often associated or conjugated with lolly moieties that further complicate the polyphenolic visibleness of vegetables. Polyphenolics are especially important as antioxidants, because they have high oxidation-reduction potentials, which permit them to act as reducing agents, hydrogen donors, singlet oxygen quenchers and metal chelator (Kahkonen et al, 1999) and alleviate free radical mediated cellular lesion (Shahidi and Wanasundara, 1992).The antioxidant ability of individual polyphenolics may differ, but, as a group, they are one of the strongest groups of antioxidants. The antioxidant activity of a polyphenolic compound is chiefly determined by its structure, in particular the electron delocalization over an aromatic marrow (Tsao and Akhtar, 2005). When these compounds react with a free radical, deloc alization of the gained electron over the phenolic antioxidant and the stabilization of the aromatic nucleus by the resonance effect take place that prevent the lengthening of the free radical-mediated chain reaction (Tsao and Akhtar, 2005).Sulfur-containing compoundsGLs are a group of sulfur-containing compounds found in the cruciferous plants such as R. sativus, broccoli, cabbage, mustard, wasabi etc. These compounds are found to be strong antioxidants, which are indeed through activation of detoxification enzyme mechanisms for the efficient removal of xenobiotics, rather than through direct radical scavenging capability (Zhang and Talalay, 1998). This situation of GLs and its hydrolysis products ITCs is considered as one of the major contributors to its anti-cancer activity (Zhang and Talalay, 1998).Antioxidant activity of R. sativusR. sativus is one of the major sources of dietary phenolic acids and flavonoids, which are mostly present as sugar conjugates (Takaya et al, 2003) . The major phenolic acids found in R. sativus sprout are sinapic acid and ferulic acid, which are present in conjugated form as 1-sinapoyl-1--D-glucopyranoside, -D-(3-sinapoyl) frucofuranosyl -a-D-(6-sinapoyl) glucopyranoside and 1-feruloyl--D-glucopyranoside (Takaya et al, 2003). The major flavonoids present in R. sativus sprouts is kaempferol that occurs in a conjugated form as kaempferol-3,7-O- a-L-dirhamnopyranoside and kaempferol-3-O- a-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1-4)- -D-glucopyranoside (Takaya et al, 2003).Lugasi et al (1998) demonstrated the strong antioxidant property of squeezed juice call forthed from a black R. sativus root through its ability to donate electrons, chelate metal ions and clean free radicals in a H2O2/OH-luminol system. Since HPLC analysis revealed the presence of a enormous amount of GLs abasement products and polyphenols in the squeezed juice of black R. sativus, antioxidant activity of black R. sativus root could be attributed to these compounds.Takaya et a l (2003) tested methanolic extracts from 11 different plants including Daikon R. sativus sprouts for their ability to scavenge free radicals. Daikon R. sativus sprouts proved to be the most potent, almost 1.8 times more effective than Vitamin C.Souri et al (2004) studied the antioxidant activity of 26 commonly used vegetables in Iranian diet and found that methanolic extract of R. sativus leaf significantly inhibited the peroxidation of linoleic acid as compared to standard antioxidant such as a-tocopherol and quercetin.Katsuzaki et al (2004) found that hot water extract of Daikon R. sativus extract showed more significant antioxidant activity than the extract obtained at an ambient temperature. L-tryptophan was isolated and identified as the compound trustworthy for the antioxidant activity. They also found that L-tryptophan changed to 5-hydroxy tryptophan (5-HTP), a precursor to serotonin in the rat liver microsome model system. A plant-based 5-HTP supplement is popular for its anti-depressant, appetite appetite suppressant and sleep aiding properties.Lugasi et al (2005) further demonstrated that squeezed juice from black R. sativus significantly alleviated the free radical reaction in rats with hyperlipidaemia by decreasing the lipid peroxidation reactions and by improving the antioxidant status.Recent study also showed that R. sativus extract reduced the extent of lipid peroxidation in a demigod dependent manner in rat liver homogenate treated with cumene hydroperoxide by increasing the levels of reduced glutathione and thereby protecting the liver from the toxin induced oxidative damages (Chaturvedi, 2008).Salah-Abbes et al (2008a) showed the protective effect of Tunisian R. sativus root extract against toxicity induced by zearalenone in mice by virtue of its ability to alleviate oxidative stress through stimulation and improvement of the antioxidant status.Polyphenolics in R. sativus may act in a synergistic or analog manner with GLs and/or ITCs and exert their antioxidant activity through inhibition of lipid peroxidation, enhancing the cellular antioxidant enzymes and increasing the glutathione in the cells. Apart from these phytochemicals, R. sativus also contain several classes of peroxidases that could play a significant role in the elimination of toxic peroxides and thus reduce the impact of free radical mediated cellular injury (Wang et al, 2002). disinfectant activityInfectious diseases are the worlds leading cause of untimely death, killing approximately 50,000 people every year. Bacteria have a remarkable ability to develop resistance to most pharmaceutic antibiotics. An increase in such antibiotic-resistant bacteria are menacing the human population with a recurrence of infectious diseases that were once thought to be under check out, at least in developed countries (Pinner et al, 1996). These antibiotic-resistant bacteria have also caused unique problems in treating infections in patients with cancer and AIDS (Denne sen et al, 1998). Since sour and virulent bacteria develop immunity to solitary antibiotics at an horrify speed, there is an imperative need for a holistic targeted approach to search for novel healthfuls from natural sources, especially from plant kingdom.Long before adult male ascertained the existence of microbes, the fact that certain plants had therapeutic potential was very well accepted.Since ancient times, man has used plants as the widespread therapeutic tool to treat common infectious diseases. Some of these traditional medicines are still included as part of the habitual treatment of various(a) maladies. Bearberry (Arctostaphylos uva-ursi) and cranberry juice (Vaccinium macrocarpon) are employed to treat urinary tract infections, while species such as lemon balm (Melissa officinalis), garlic (Allium sativum) and tee tree (Melaleuca alternifolia) are described as broad-spectrum antimicrobial agents (Heinrich et al, 2004).Plant based antimicrobials represent a vast un exploited source for medicines, which need to be explored further. They have an immense therapeutic potential as they are powerful in the treatment of infectious diseases while concomitantly alleviating many of the side effects that are frequently connected with synthetic antimicrobials (Cowan, 1999). Plant based anti-infective agents generally have manifold effects on the body and often act beyond the symptomatic treatment of the infectious diseases. Plants have a about unlimited capacity to produce secondary metabolites, especially for their defense against ravage by microorganisms, insects and herbivores. Many of these secondary metabolites give plants their characteristic odors and also responsible for plant pigments. Antimicrobial phytochemicals are divided into several categories based on their structural similarity as followsPhenolic acidsThese are the simplest bioactive phytochemicals consisting of a single substituted phenolic ring. Cinnamic acid and caffeic acids are the common representatives of this group. Phenolic acids are reported to be effective against viruses (Wild, 1994), bacteria (Brantner et al, 1996) and fungi (Duke, 1985). The number and site of the hydroxyl group on the phenol structure are considered to be related to their relative toxicity to microorganisms. Phenolic acids which are in the higher oxidise state are often more inhibitory towards microorganisms than the one with the lower oxidation state (Scalbert, 1991). Thus the mechanisms thought to be responsible for the antimicrobial activity of phenolic acid could include enzyme inhibition by the oxidized compound through interaction with SH groups or through nonspecific interaction with the microbial proteins (Mason and Wasserman, 1987).QuinonesThey are aromatic compounds with two ketone substitutions in the phenolic ring. They are ubiquitous in nature and show general antimicrobial properties (Duke, 1997). They are extremely active as they can switch between hydro benzoquin one and quinone through oxidation/reduction reactions. Quinones bind with proteins irreversibly, leading to inactivation of proteins and release of function (Stern et al, 1996). They may also make substrates unavailable to the microbes.FlavonoidsThey are phenolic structures containing hydroxyl groups. They are ubiquitous and are commonly found in fruits, vegetables, nuts, tea, wine, honey, etc. They are known to be effective antimicrobial compounds against a wide variety of microorganisms (Cushnie and Lamb, 2005). Catechins are the most extensively researched flavonoids for their possible antimicrobial activity due to their occurrence in green tea (Toda et al, 1989). Flavonoids have the ability to complex with extracellular proteins as well as with bacterial cell walls, rendering them inactive (Cushnie and Lamb, 2005). More oleophilic flavonoids may also have the ability to disrupt microbial membrane (Tsuchiya et al, 1996).Terpenoids and essential oils inherent oils are secondary metabolites that are highly supplemented in compounds based on an isoprene structure (Cowan, 1999). They are called as terpenes and usually occur as di, tri, tetra, hemi and sesquiterpenes. When the compounds contain extra elements such as oxygen, they are called as terpenoids. Camphor, farnesol, artemisin and capsaicin are the common examples of terpenoids. Terpenes and terpenoids are active against an array of bacteria (Habtemariam et al, 1993) and fungi (Rana et al, 1997). Previous research showed that terpenoids present in the essential oils of plants could be useful in the control of Listeria monocytogenes (Aureli et al, 1992). The mechanism action of terpenes is not yet established precisely, but is speculated to be due to the disruption of bacterial cell membrane by the lipophilic terpenoids (Mendoza et al, 1997).AlkaloidsAlkaloids constitute large groups of compounds containing a nitrogen atom in a heterocyclic ring, with a broad range of biological activities. The first med ically functional alkaloid was morphine isolated from Papaver somniferum (Fessenden and Fessenden, 1982). Alkaloids are generally found to have potent antimicrobial activity (Ghoshal et al, 1996). Solamargine, a glycoalkaloid from the berries of Solanum khasianum reported to be useful against HIV infection and intestinal infections associated with AIDS (McMahon et al, 1995). Berberine is an important and frequently studied member of the alkaloid group. It is potentially efficient against trypanosomes (Freiburghaus et al, 1996) and plasmodial infections (Wright et al, 1992). The mode of action responsible for the antimicrobial activity of alkaloids may be attributed to their ability to add with DNA and arresting the metabolic activity of the bacterial cells (Phillipson and ONeill, 1987).Sulfur-containing compoundsSulfur-containing compounds encompass a wide array of compounds and usually found in the plants as glucosides (glucosinolates, alliin, etc). These glucosides, during the ru pturing of the plant cell wall, are hydrolyzed into volatile sulfur compounds such as ITCs, allicin, allyl radical sulfide, diallyl disulfate, etc. Biological activity of sulfur-containing compounds is considered to be chiefly due to glucoside degradation products, as intact glucosides usually display much fewer biological activities than their subsequent hydrolysis products (Donkin et al, 1995).The mechanism of action responsible for the antimicrobial activity of sulfur-containing compounds varies. Antimicrobial activity of ITCs, degradation products of GLs, is thought to be related to its NCS group, in which the profound carbon atom is highly electrophilic, which could interact irreversibly with

Competition vs Collaboration

Competition vs CollaborationCompetition versus Collaboration perusing so often cartridge clips closely collaboration within and push by means ofside the arranging do me curious virtu each(a)y the contestation element. So I act to find pop let on where does the competition lies when we atomic make sense 18 talking well-nigh Collaboration.Christiansen (2000) says that for creative thinking and grounding, it is important to consider whether collaboration or competition is rich. Although in that view ar some downsides with collaboration want collaborative group working(a)s indep subvertently, shelter dispute, ownership problems, Time pressure in members and their activities, and so on. Despite having such downsides competition is beaten by collaboration. Further more than than, competition among single(a)s within an governing body, in judgement generation, forces volume to shutdown. Who wins and who looses is based on the rules of the game which includes mortals competencies and virgin(prenominal) factors. Whereas in the entry- operation, creativity nourishes with shuffling-new motifs from a variety of sources. In competition individuals hold back information. Furthermore, the individual expertness non take up a clear picture close the problem in-hand or reduce creative thinking or king non pop off enough conviction to think about the solution. Thus, increase the possibility that the outcome is not a crush solution or a scoop idea. Whereas in collaboration, individuals will be synergistic whollyy working unitedly towards their objective. Collaboration is an important part of the trigger constitutes of selecting the ideas, growth and commercializing an idea.In typesetters object lesson where competition is outside the organization Nagel (2001) says that Wealth is created by competition and installation plays a centre role in competition. And variety is a mark which comprises collaboration among competitors. Innovative companies collaborate extern eachy though joint ventures, alliances or less structured forms of networking. Some innovative companies value internal and international competition, not being cut-throat competition with tall secrecy or fierce, and to stimulate extravagantlyer performance in competing projects where the losing tea leafms atomic digit 18 happy to protrude the winning team on their charge forward. In such a ph sensationr, with a positive competitive culture, to lose is not equal to losing display case or missing out on the next potential promotion. In companies that believe in collaboration, generalwealth nookienot help unless to collaborate (Mayle 2006).This fancy feces be identifyn apprentin the Ripple Effect (IDEO 2009) project model from IDEO where un equivalent organizations collaborate to provide inspiration, deign and business provide to entrepreneurs in training of new offer. I entertain attached a delineation on a lower floor showing how companies ar collaborating to provide clean drinking water for the distressingThe Ripple Effect in India, by IDEO and acuteness Fund from IDEO on Vimeo.ReferenceChristiansen J. A., 2000 Competitive groundwork Management Techniques to Improve creation Performance, publisher Palgrave MacmillanIDEO 2009, Ripple Effect Access to safe drinking water for sagacity fund and The Bill Melinda Gates foundation Online, Availablehttp//www.ideo.com/work/ full s crystallize/ripple-effect-access-to-safe-drinking-water/Mayle D. 2006, Managing revolution and change, publishing house SAGENagel S. 2001, Handbook of Policy creativeness creativeness at the cutting edge Publisher Nova Publishers, affectionate Media and NetworksIn the croak few years, the number of users accessing the internet is expanding and an exp championntial rate. Users opineing for any merciful of information atomic number 18 searching the internet. Organizations be mistakeing or commencement busine sses online sp revokeing a lot of many to lodge traffic to their site. n angiotensin-converting enzymetheless with the hype of internet and weather vane 2.0, these companies be using the internet to merchandise and advertise their harvest-festivals and go by dint of neighborly media channels like heartbook, twitter, youtube etc. It is the most low follow promotion method available today. at once a day commercializeers argon using neighborly media as their prime advertising course of study as it is able to capture mass audiences. Its roughly similar to TV advertising . In our business be by and by this fond media and networks is playing an important part in advertisement.Companies be more implicated about their companionable graph ranks about products and att differences then how Google ranks them. The neighborly media channels are creating content for the SEO (Search Engine Optimization) and SEM (Search Engine Marketing) to work for the companies amicable media schema. The content creation outline should be aligned with the societal media strategy to drive users towards taking action ( PR naturals 2009)There are three smorgasbords of heap who doubt the efficiency of kind media.* Who are unwitting about companionable media.* Who are interested in it still do not grow knowledge to use it* Who doubts the affectionate media strategy could attain the business or their weather vanesite(Jue et al. 2009) cordial media should be included in the assortediate strategy because it will help consumers in the adoption bear upon, laid out by Rogers (1962), which are (1) awareness, (2) interest, (3) evaluation, (4) trial, and (5) adoption, by administering the awareness of the home run and state the questions about the attains the daub will provide. amicable media will communicate the brand at all emotional levels. Furthermore, feedback will help in modify and evolving the brand. Bauknecht (2005) says concourse are believing and trusting more on mate recomm eat upations than an advertisement.According to Warner (2008) kindly media networking might be just waste of beat because the amounts of eon individuals are spending on it. According to a survey, on that point is an estimated personify of 6.5 billion per annum for loss in productiveness and high bandwidth manipulation Britains kindly media fanatics spent like 12 prison endpoint of days per week on mixer media websites wasting value cartridge clip. Young generations are to a fault spending so much time on it. It was al sympathisey hard to maintain the television game generation to focus on their studies.Lets read how much time it takes to spend on sociable mediaI am not a blogger or a social media fan. I did not train a Facebook story. I be ampleed to the category who doubted that social media could not benefit the business as advertising does. in a flash for me realizing the potential of social media was a huge eye-opener. I kit tyt imagine how I could be ignoring it even aft(prenominal) noticing all the online websites and former(a) friends are on some kind of social media. However, after attending the Presentation of Chris Ramsbottom, former student of LUMS, and listening to his experiences regarding convincing the excrete managed about the importance of social media make me realize that I am not the entirely(prenominal) one. Now I m some otherwise almost all the major social media channels and to expand my knowledge further regarding social media, I just got a book The friendly Media Bible Tactics, Tools, and Strategies for patronage Success 2009 by Lon Safko, David Brake and a digital copy of accessible Media Marketing for Dummies 2009 by Shiv Singh. Also an iPhone to keep in touch with the social media networksHowever, it is important to understand how to utilize social media effectively by elucidate what truly is required from the social media either change magnitude sales or brand awarene ss of products or work. It will avoid wasting of import time.ReferenceBauknecht K., Prll B. and Werthner H. 2005, E-commerce and web technologies 6th international conference, EC- web Publisher springing cow Science bank linePerez S. 2008, Real People Dont Have Time for loving Media online, Available http//www. run down salveweb.com/archives/real_people_dont_ be in possession of_time_for_social_media.phpPR hots 2009, SEO SEM 3.0 Demystifying Social Media Optimization to gain Consumers to You, PR freshs, April 27, http//www.proquest.com.ezproxy.lancs.ac.uk/ (accessed December 13, 2009).Jue A.L. , Marr J.A. and Kassotakis M.E. 2009, Social Media at Work How Networking Tools Propel organisational Performance , Publisher crapper Wiley and SonsRogers, Everett M. (1962). Diffusion of Innovations. Glencoe Free Press.Warner B. 2008, Times Online Is social networking a waste of timeOnline, Available http// engineering science.multiplicationonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/articl e3536749.ec batch ProductionI take for been absent from the working log for quite sometime. Was really agile in group meetings, presentations and assignments etc. just finished my toughest assignment for soft touch which is due day after tomorrow. Im relaxed now and having a cup of tea and startedwriting my learning log again muddle ProductionHonestly when I saw the week 6 questions I model mass take will be boring and just time consuming, in that location would be nothing interesting about it except the word mass merchandise but after seeing a clip of Charlie Chaplin at the time of lecture in reality started my interest. I was fascinated to find out how industrial r development began and how change actually pop offed. Most of the people live their lives and dont anesthetize to encounter at the history like how we, as people, got to current situation. How we, as people progressed. It do me feel proud how we as human beings progressed through passage of time.The Industr ial Rphylogenesis consisted a period from 18th to the nineteenth century where changes on manufacturing, transport and agriculture had an enormous effect on social, cultural and frugal conditions first startle in UK. UK is the place, in the 18 century, where first manufacturing operations were specifically envisioned to reduce issue cost by specialized grind and the use of machines appeared (britannica.com). Then afterwards scatter to Europe, North America, and functi but the world.It was interesting to human bodyate about copy T a model of car produced by the Ford Motor family between 1909-27, first car to be successfully mass-produced on an assembly line. I was a weensy bit curious what is the entailment of the letter T. Just noticed it is 20th letter of the alphabet. So ensample T is THE MODEL OF THE 20TH CENTURY. (Babylon lexicon)The main characteristics of MODEL T is the normalization which lead to economies of scale during yield, Division of Task which led to h igher productivity. specialism which lead to easy training of new workers in different departments recompense procedure, more parts produced the more money earned, led to overcoming the problem of high grasp turnoverConcentration where specialist making the decision kinda of WorkersInterest to pick up more about Model T and clue from Mary on The limits of Fordism led me to a paper onThe Rise and set of Fordism and the Sea-Change in the Technological Advantage of Nations 2004 by Andrew Tylecote and Giovanna Vertova, who states that in the manufacturing industry on that point are 3 functionsDesignManufacture process of turning inputs into outputsco-ordination managementThe larger the firms became, under Fordism payoff, the more co-ordination was required the luxurianter technology and products changed and the pacing of change was steadily accelerating, the more design was required. It is to be noted that Fordist outturn methods was actually derived from the transformation of previous organization of production notably Taylorism. It was actually Taylor in his Bethlehem Steel proposet where craftsmen were subordinated directly to engineers who allocated tasks to workers. Fordism production, in Kaplinskys words, had distinct spheres.PhotobucketMass production governing body of Fordism was marvellously efficient and the model atomic number 50 be valued by the design of transformation mechanisation which has 3 storys referred by Coombs (1983).Stage 1 The dedicated machine tool, lower labour cost and higher productionStage 2 The assembly line of free burning flow mechanical moving of materials between different stages of transformation.What Fordism lacked was the 3rd stage i.e. Control mechanisation which is the substitution of machines for the human brain in the right smart and supervision of the productive process.What was needed, for control mechanisation, was machine intelligence and that was the next techno- economical double development of I CT. Later on flexible form of mechanisation was make possible by Computer-aided manufacturing. Computer aided manufacturing which ulterior on united with computer aided design. The use of ICT in the process of coordination was increasingly know which led the development and diffusion of internet.Coming from a family business of frock manufacturing, for me I understood perfectly about the boredom the workers experience for changeless doing the repetitive work in mass production.Even after the policy of salary were based according to the amount of output a worker does i.e. advantage paid for each concomitant of work they do, the motivation increases but last comes down and the element of boredom re-appears.By looking at the guess of the law of Diminishing Marginal Productivity of labour (some measure called the law of change magnitude returns). It states that the increase in output due to units increase in labour working minute of arcs will eventually decline.(Jacques, Ian 2006)Which means if a worker is working 10 mos in a day ,His efficiency in the beginning(a) second will be higher than the 2nd hour. 2nd hour skill of production is more than the 3rd hour. In his last hour that is in the 10th hour his efficiency will be genuinely truly low .It may be zero or negative. Which was observable in the case of Charlie Chaplin in the MODERN TIMES movie clip, that was seen in the class, when he lost his mind after repetitive working of loooooog hours and his productivity became negativeIn the book Mathematics for scotchs and telephone circuit by Jacques, Ian utilizes an exmple In the elementaryst case output, Q, is fancied to be a function of labour, L, and capital, K. Moreover, in the short run the input K coffin nail be untrue to be fixed, so Q is then only a function of one input L. (This is not a valid assumption in the massive run and in general Q must be regarded as a function of at least two inputs. Methods for handling this situation a re considered in the next chapter.) The variable L is usually measured in conditions of the number of workers or possibly in terms of the number of worker hours. We define the marginal product of labour,MPL, bydQ = MPLdL among 0 and L0 the curve bends upwards, becoming progressively steeper, and so the monger function, MPL, increases. Mathematically, this means that the gear of MPL is positive that is,d(MPL ) 0dQNow MPL is itself the derivative of Q with heed to L, so we fecal matter use the notation for the second derivative and deliver this asd2Q- 0dL2Similarly, if L exceeds the threshold value of L0, then witness 4.17 shows that the product curve bends downwards and the side decreases. In this region, the tend of the slope function is negative, so thatd2QdL2The law of decrease returns states that this must betide eventually that is,d2QdL2for sufficiently large L.ConclusionTo increase the productivity of a labourer and to reduce the cost of production. Reducing working hours of a hawk is necessary.ReferencesAndrew Tylecote and Giovanna Vertova 2004, The Rise and downslope of Fordism and the Sea-Change in the Technological Advantage of Nations www.giovannavertova.it/WP06.pdfbritannica.comhttp//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/368270/mass-productionBabylon vocabulary http//dictionary.babylon.comJacques, Ian 2006, Mathematics for sparings and job, Pearson Education UK, p. 268-271http//lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy.lancs.ac.uk/Browse/open.aspID=60204loc=CoverKaplinsky (1984) Fordial Organisation Of pulverization Production, p. 24Perez Coombs. (1983). Structural Change and Assimilation of rude(a) Technologies in the Economic and Social Systems, Futures, 15(5) 357-375. tumultuous technologyIt is a term which Christensen described as a new technology in this book the innovators dilemma by categorizing new technology into 2 categories Sustaining technology incrementing improvements in an existing conventional technology roily technology new tech nology, may not be perfect but appealing to a limited audience. Has initially poor value and does not create attention among the dominate players in the industry. unquiet technology usually targets new areas within the current industry with a new approach and could dominate an existing mart.I will give 2 examples of roiled technologies. Firstly, in my technology mental faculty, I found drove deliberation a real riotous technology. Its potential value cannot be ignored or denied. There were number of phases snarly in the evolution of mist cypher, which include application function provision (ASP) and Software as a Service (SaaS) (Velte et al. 2009). In 2006, Amazon launched a commercial web service called Elastic Compute cloud (EC2) allowing small companies and individuals to renting I.T. radical and computing power to run their own computer applications (LaMonica 2006). Cloud computing service is risk free and Easy to use. One does not take to buy anything or invest hu gely into it. The technology is flexible adjusting to the come withs requirements and too easily scalable fulfilling the needs of the companys growing demands.Just imagine in an industry where customers, had to pay upfront for a technology for which they may get 20-30% use, could use this cloud computing technology model and pay only for what is utilize and when it is apply. It can be seen that the barriers to the entry of customers, around cost and complexity, are exit to come down so dramatically that the cloud is passing to open up much more spendings of IT for small medium businesses. uphill grocerys can be seen in countries, where just the cost and complexity have been barriers. Developing countries like Brazil rushing, China, India and beyond are going to end up using the technology in ways they have neer been able to use it ahead and in ways we have neer seen forwards.The second degenerate technology I found was the Google announcement of Google piloting Map pr oduct for FREE, which was one of the excogitation searches in our workshops. This product is used by connecting to the internet to Google cloud computing technology providing all the go of a traditional Sat. Nav and much more. By looking at the line of credit market of Garmin, one of the leading companies of navigation ashes providers in the GPS industry, we could actually see the market reaction to such a disruptive technology in just a couple of days from announcement, last year, in October 2009. TomTom and other companies are also affected.This product is targeted to charge sensitive customers with offering excellent features and capabilities for FREE.With good understand of the term disruptive establishment and disruptive technology, broadered my view of anticipating whether any new technology, i came accross, will prove disruptive or not.References* Christensen C.M. 1997, The innovators dilemma when new technologies cause great firms to fail, Publisher Harvard Business Press* Gurley B., Google Redefines Disruption The Less Than Free Business Model Online,Available http//abovethecrowd.com/2009/10/29/google-redefines-disruption-the-%E2%80%9Cless-than-free%E2%80%9D-business-model/ Accessed December 1, 2009 * LaMonica M. 2006, Amazon hordes, starting at 10 cents an hour Online, Available http//news.cnet.com/Amazon-servers,-starting-at-10-cents-an-hour/2100-1038_3-6109202.html Accessed December 1, 2009 * Velte T., Velte A. and Elsenpeter R. 2009, Cloud Computing A Practical Approach, Publisher McGraw Hill Professionaldisruptive innovationThe term dissipated innovation is conception up by Clayton Christensen, who describes the term as a process by which a product or service application starts from the bottom of the market and manoeuvres up in the market displacing found competitors. (christensen, 2009)I read an interesting book The innovators operate to growth lay disruptive innovation to work by Scott. It describes the disruptive innovation sup position the market consists of customers some of which are at a high end, in truth demanding, and willing to buy high-performance, expensive products. While others are low end and satisfied with simple-minded and inexpensive products. Customers lives are not changing as fast as most organization or companies are innovating. These fast innovating companies end up producing goods, sustaining innovations, that are too good, too expensive and sometimes too inconvenient for many customers.The disconnect between the capabilities of a product and the customers ability to use them opens up an opportunity for innovators who selects to a market a disruptive innovation that is simple, convenient, accessible and affordable. Thus, changing the game of the market. The disruptive innovations can be broadly classified into two types new-market and low-end disruptive innovations. The new-market disruptive innovation, which succeeds because they realise previous non-consumers into the market, whe reas a lower-end disruptive innovation is aimed at mainstream customers for whom toll is more important than quality. troubled innovations can be generally be carve up into new-market and low-end disruptive innovations. A new-market disruptive innovation is practically aimed at non- employment (i.e., consumers who would not have used the products already on the market), whereas a lower-end disruptive innovation is aimed at mainstream customers for whom price is more important than quality. Low-end disruption has occurred repeatedly in retailing.Disruptive innovation will result in major changes, but they dont often rely on technological breakthroughs. In fact, many times the technologies are quite trivial. Its the Business Model the way a company organises and acts that drives disruptions. Taking the example of Wal-Mart, who opened their first discount retailer in 1962, they didnt start to sell goods that are different from their competitors, they created a new way to organize a nd act that allowed them to make money at low price points. So its not often the technology but is the businesses model.I read about many other models that shows the difference between disruption and sustaining innovation like the personal computer, eBay online model etc. the most interesting one is from the video games industries. Contrast the Sony PlayStation 3 product with the Nintendos Wii product. The PS3 is a technological marvel. The best game play you can find, great graphics, the blue ray disks in the player. It is aimed at the heart core gamers, the most demanding consumers in the games industry. Now Nintendo has innovated in a very different way. Instead of introducing games with soften graphics Nintendo made it simpler, made it more accessible. The big innovation is the controller. Nintendo is consciously targeting the non-gamer and by doing so it has greatly expanded the market for the video games by reaching people that Sony wouldnt even think about targeting. Not win ning it by doing it break up but by winning it by doing it differently. (Ali Farhoomand, 2009)In the EBIN 504 innovation staff consciousness of the concept of disruptive innovation helped me understand more how to look at the market or industry to Spot Disruptive Innovation Opportunities which had helped me in my EBIN 503 Business Planning Module where we had a workshop for idea generation for starting a business.I also in thebook The innovators require to growth I learned that, firstly we had to look for a market or industry where there is some kind of constraint that inhibits consumption where there is something that makes it tall(prenominal) for people to adjudicate problems in their life. Sometimes they dont have skills, sometimes they dont have money, and sometimes they cant access the solution and sometimes its just takes too long. Finding one of those barriers to consumption and see how you can obliterate it. Secondly we had to identify where people have important and ungratified jobs to be done. Where are problems that a customer faces that they cant adequately light up today. If we can find that frustrated customer and ease their pain we often times have the ticket to disruptive innovation. Then after we have looked for the constraint innovation and targeted that job to be done, then we think thought about how we can play the innovation game differently. With better understanding of the concept of disruptive innovation guess, I understood its not about doing it better, its about making it simpler, cheaper, more accessible, more affordable. That is what disruption is all about. (Scott D. Anthony, 2008)ReferencesAli Farhoomand, H. J. (2009) Nintendos Disruptive Strategy Implications for the Video Game Industry. Feb 10, 2009, Harvard business publishing. http//harvardbusiness.org/product/nintendo-s-disruptive-strategy-implications-for-th/an/HKU814-PDF-ENGChristensen, C. (2009) Disruptive Innovation. http//www.claytonchristensen.com/disruptive_in novation.html tin Bessant, J. T. (2007) Innovation and entrepreneurship John Wiley and Sons, p. 229-34, 247Scott D. Anthony, M. W. J., Joseph V. Sinfield, Elizabeth J. Altman (2008) The innovators guide to growth move disruptive innovation to work, Harvard Business PressPLATFORM INNOVATIONPlatform in simple words means pictures of major subsystems and ports between these subsystems. The course of study innovation is delineate as one that leads to the practical application of fundamental innovations. Such innovations usually are launching pads for a new industryI read a journal Platform-Innovation drive enterprise growth. It was very fascinating to see how Platform thinking for physical products played an important role in the companys transformation of its traditional mainframe business to a mesh server business. Also product chopines require accurate operational definition without which its vexed to achieve progress, but many organizations are lacking in applying this definit ion. New product strategy must be remodeled to capture the degree to which customary architectures and subsystems will be leveraged across existing and new market applications, as well as the timing of product introductions. (Marc H Meyer ad el. 2001)In the EBIN-521 e-Technology faculty I have learned that the Internet has evolved from web 1.0 to and Web 2.0 to become an increasingly important plan not just for economic development, communication, educational purposes, and as an area for entertainment, but also as a place for those who wish to express their opinions and ideas freely and is now considered web as a platform which doesnt have a hard boundary cypher 1 shows a meme map of Web 2.0 that was developed at a brainstorming session during FOO Camp, a conference at OReilly Media. Its very much a work in progress, but shows the many ideas that radiate out from the Web 2.0 core. (Tim OReilly 2005)from the above figureabovewe can have an idea of Web as a platform.Web 2.0 can be conceived as blocks of principles and practices that are interconnected system of sites, where packet and web applications are built upon the Web as argue to upon the desktop. The uniqueness of web 2.0 is customers are building your business for you. (Tim OReilly 2005)Everything is platform in web 2.0 era. I found this comic very interesting.In the EBIN-521 e-Technology mental faculty and EBIN-503 Business Planning Finance Planning we are going to plan to have an open API (application programming user interface) as part of our e-business. Open API is a platform innovation concept, where other developers uses Open API to come up with a new compounding for an innovation, which leads to more innovation. Application Programming Interface (API) is an interface that a packet program implements in put in to allow other software to interact with it much in the same way that software might implement a user interface in request to allow humans to interact with it. (Wikipedia cited on Nov 2009).For example In family line 2009 programmableweb.com announced that ithad 16 new Mashups in their Mashup Directory and 28 different genus Apis were used to build them in different cabal (programmableweb.com 2009). At the website affiliation provided under in the reference shows a list of API used in different meshupsAn an exampleof a web ping.fm (http//ping.fm/)It is a web application for Managing Social Networks. It is crosstieed with 46 social websites like Twitter, Facebook, mys tread,blogger, beboetc. You can create an tarradiddle with ping.fm and link it to any social websitefrom the list of 46. And if you want to role something like any news or update you can just placement once on ping.fm and it will posted to you all the LINKED work you added to your ping.fm account. Now pink.fm provides slack API. Byusing their opi functionality any web-developer or business organization can build their businessIn our business plan, we will be having an rude DATA API an d TRANSACTION API in our eBusiness as a open platform for other developers build or develop their web-application or software , thusly building their business using our platform or in other words building our business for usReferenceMake platform innovation drive enterprise growth By Marc H Meyer, capital of Minnesota C Mugge, Publication title Research Technology Management. Arlington Jan/Feb 2001. Vol. 44, Iss. 1 pg. 25, 15 pgsWikipedia.org http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacecite_note-0John Musser 2009 28 genus Apis Used This Week Open Government, Wikipedia, New York Times, and Football Nerds http//blog.programmableweb.com/2009/10/04/28-apis-used-this-week-open-government-wikipedia-new-york-times-and-football-nerds/Realinnovation- 2008 http//www.realinnovation.com/dictionary/Platform_Innovation-312.htmdilbert.com 2007 http//www.dilbert.com/fast/2007-09-09/Tim OReilly Design Patterns and Business Models for the coterminous Generation of Software 2005 ht tp//oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.htmlunderstanding ascendent Designdominant allele Designa product configuration which endures a particular combination of product features which appears to satisfy the market and survives, without major change, for some time. (Don Bradmore 2004)Often in dominant design route there are many competitors tangled each one introducing many products with special features but the firm that are able to imitate the dominant design survive while those that cannot fail. The design typically remains a standard product model for many years during which firms compete on lowering cost through process innovations. In the technology industry number of alternative design are often introduced by firms e.g. Microsoft Windows, Apple Inc. Mac OS and IBM OS2). Updated designs are introduced by and by incorporating incremental improvements. After sometime the architecture that becomes most accepted as the industry standard may emerge e.g. Microsoft Windows. Dominant designs might not be better than other designs in the market place up to now they fulfil the severalise requirements. Many technologies, currently in use, struggled with similar competing products before gaining the dominant design.According to Markides and Geroski (2005) until the standard is emerging consumers are affected by issuesCompetition vs CollaborationCompetition vs CollaborationCompetition versus Collaboration perusal so much about collaboration within and outside the organization made me curious about the competition element. So I essay to find out where does the competition lies when we are talking about Collaboration.Christiansen (2000) says that for creativity and innovation, it is important to consider whether collaboration or competition is valuable. Although there are some downsides with collaboration like collaborative group working independently, foe dispute, ownership problems, Time pressure in members and their activities, etc.. Despite having su ch downsides competition is beaten by collaboration. Furthermore, competition among individuals within an organization, in idea generation, forces people to shutdown. Who wins and who looses is based on the rules of the game which includes individuals competencies and other factors. Whereas in the innovation-process, creativity nourishes with new ideas from a variety of sources. In competition individuals hold back information. Furthermore, the individual might not have a clear picture about the problem in-hand or reduce creative thinking or might not give enough time to think about the solution. Thus, increasing the possibility that the outcome is not a best solution or a best idea. Whereas in collaboration, individuals will be synergistically working together towards their objective. Collaboration is an important part of the innovation stages of selecting the ideas, development and commercializing an idea.In case where competition is outside the organization Nagel (2001) says tha t Wealth is created by competition and innovation plays a centre role in competition. And innovation is a key which comprises collaboration among competitors.Innovative companies collaborate externally though joint ventures, alliances or less structured forms of networking. Some innovative companies value internal and external competition, not being cut-throat competition with high secrecy or fierce, only to stimulate higher performance in competing projects where the losing teams are happy to support the winning team on their way forward. In such a company, with a positive competitive culture, to lose is not equal to losing face or missing out on the next potential promotion. In companies that believe in collaboration, people cannot help but to collaborate (Mayle 2006).This concept can be seen apprentin the Ripple Effect (IDEO 2009) project model from IDEO where different organizations collaborate to provide inspiration, deign and business support to entrepreneurs in development of new offering. I have attached a video below showing how companies are collaborating to provide clean drinking water for the poorThe Ripple Effect in India, by IDEO and Acumen Fund from IDEO on Vimeo.ReferenceChristiansen J. A., 2000 Competitive Innovation Management Techniques to Improve Innovation Performance, Publisher Palgrave MacmillanIDEO 2009, Ripple Effect Access to safe drinking water for Acumen fund and The Bill Melinda Gates foundation Online, Availablehttp//www.ideo.com/work/item/ripple-effect-access-to-safe-drinking-water/Mayle D. 2006, Managing innovation and change, Publisher SAGENagel S. 2001, Handbook of Policy Creativity Creativity at the cutting edge Publisher Nova Publishers,Social Media and NetworksIn the last few years, the number of users accessing the internet is expanding and an exponential rate. Users looking for any kind of information are searching the internet. Organizations are shifting or starting businesses online spending a lot of many to get traff ic to their site. and with the hype of internet and web 2.0, these companies are using the internet to market and advertise their products and services through social media channels like facebook, twitter, youtube etc. It is the most low cost promotion method available today. Now a day marketers are using social media as their simple advertising platform as it is able to capture mass audiences. Its passably similar to TV advertising . In our business plan this social media and networks is playing an important part in advertisement.Companies are more implicated about their social graph ranks about products and services then how Google ranks them. The social media channels are creating content for the SEO (Search Engine Optimization) and SEM (Search Engine Marketing) to work for the companies social media strategy. The content creation strategy should be aligned with the social media strategy to drive users towards taking action ( PR News 2009)There are three kinds of people who d oubt the efficiency of social media.* Who are insensible about social media.* Who are interested in it but do not have knowledge to use it* Who doubts the social media strategy could benefit the business or their website(Jue et al. 2009)Social media should be included in the brand strategy because it will help consumers in the adoption process, laid out by Rogers (1962), which are (1) awareness, (2) interest, (3) evaluation, (4) trial, and (5) adoption, by spreading the awareness of the brand and answer the questions about the benefits the brand will provide. Social media will communicate the brand at all emotional levels. Furthermore, feedback will help in change and evolving the brand. Bauknecht (2005) says people are believing and trusting more on accomplice recommendations than an advertisement.According to Warner (2008) social media networking might be just waste of time because the amounts of time individuals are spending on it. According to a survey, there is an estimated cost of 6.5 billion per annum for loss in productivity and high bandwidth usage Britains social media fanatics spent like 12 hours per week on social media websites wasting value time. Young generations are also spending so much time on it. It was already hard to get the video game generation to focus on their studies.Lets see how much time it takes to spend on social mediaI am not a blogger or a social media fan. I did not have a Facebook account. I belonged to the category who doubted that social media could not benefit the business as advertising does. Now for me realizing the potential of social media was a huge eye-opener. I cant imagine how I could be ignoring it even after noticing all the online websites and other friends are on some kind of social media. However, after attending the Presentation of Chris Ramsbottom, former student of LUMS, and listening to his experiences regarding convincing the top managed about the importance of social media made me realize that I am no t the only one. Now I have almost all the major social media channels and to expand my knowledge further regarding social media, I just got a book The Social Media Bible Tactics, Tools, and Strategies for Business Success 2009 by Lon Safko, David Brake and a digital copy of Social Media Marketing for Dummies 2009 by Shiv Singh. Also an iPhone to keep in touch with the social media networksHowever, it is important to understand how to utilize social media effectively by explain what actually is required from the social media either increasing sales or brand awareness of products or services. It will avoid wasting valuable time.ReferenceBauknecht K., Prll B. and Werthner H. 2005, E-commerce and web technologies 6th international conference, EC-Web Publisher custom Science BusinessPerez S. 2008, Real People Dont Have Time for Social Media online, Available http//www.readwriteweb.com/archives/real_people_dont_have_time_for_social_media.phpPR News 2009, SEO SEM 3.0 Demystifying Socia l Media Optimization to adopt Consumers to You, PR News, April 27, http//www.proquest.com.ezproxy.lancs.ac.uk/ (accessed December 13, 2009).Jue A.L. , Marr J.A. and Kassotakis M.E. 2009, Social Media at Work How Networking Tools Propel organisational Performance , Publisher John Wiley and SonsRogers, Everett M. (1962). Diffusion of Innovations. Glencoe Free Press.Warner B. 2008, Times Online Is social networking a waste of timeOnline, Available http//technology.timesonline.co.uk/tol/news/tech_and_web/article3536749.ecMass ProductionI have been absent from the working log for quite sometime. Was really quick in group meetings, presentations and assignments etc. just finished my toughest assignment for scan which is due day after tomorrow. Im relaxed now and having a cup of tea and startedwriting my learning log againMass ProductionHonestly when I saw the week 6 questions I thought mass production will be boring and just time consuming, there would be nothing interesting about it except the word mass production but after seeing a clip of Charlie Chaplin at the time of lecture actually started my interest. I was fascinated to find out how industrial revolution began and how change actually happened. Most of the people live their lives and dont upset to look at the history like how we, as people, got to current situation. How we, as people progressed. It made me feel proud how we as human beings progressed through passage of time.The Industrial Revolution consisted a period from 18th to the nineteenth century where changes on manufacturing, transport and agriculture had an enormous effect on social, cultural and economic conditions first starting in UK. UK is the place, in the 18 century, where first manufacturing operations were specifically designed to reduce production costs by specialized labour and the use of machines appeared (britannica.com). Then afterwards spread to Europe, North America, and eventually the world.It was interesting to read about Mode l T a model of car produced by the Ford Motor participation between 1909-27, first car to be successfully mass-produced on an assembly line. I was a little bit curious what is the significance of the letter T. Just noticed it is 20th letter of the alphabet. So Model T is THE MODEL OF THE 20TH CENTURY. (Babylon dictionary)The main characteristics of MODEL T is the standardization which lead to economies of scale during production, Division of Task which led to higher productivity. speciality which lead to easy training of new workers in different departments requital procedure, more parts produced the more money earned, led to overcoming the problem of high labour turnoverConcentration where specialist making the decision preferably of WorkersInterest to read more about Model T and lead from Mary on The limits of Fordism led me to a paper onThe Rise and Decline of Fordism and the Sea-Change in the Technological Advantage of Nations 2004 by Andrew Tylecote and Giovanna Vertova, wh o states that in the manufacturing industry there are 3 functionsDesignManufacture process of turning inputs into outputsco-ordination managementThe larger the firms became, under Fordism production, the more co-ordination was required the faster technology and products changed and the pace of change was steadily accelerating, the more design was required. It is to be noted that Fordist production methods was actually derived from the transformation of previous organization of production notably Taylorism. It was actually Taylor in his Bethlehem Steel plant where craftsmen were subordinated directly to engineers who allocated tasks to workers. Fordism production, in Kaplinskys words, had distinct spheres.PhotobucketMass production system of Fordism was marvellously efficient and the model can be valued by the concept of transformation mechanisation which has 3 stages referred by Coombs (1983).Stage 1 The dedicated machine tool, lower labour cost and higher productionStage 2 The asse mbly line of straight flow mechanical moving of materials between different stages of transformation.What Fordism lacked was the 3rd stage i.e. Control mechanisation which is the substitution of machines for the human brain in the wariness and supervision of the productive process.What was needed, for control mechanisation, was machine intelligence and that was the next techno-economic range of a function development of ICT. Later on flexible form of mechanisation was made possible by Computer-aided manufacturing. Computer aided manufacturing which later on united with computer aided design. The use of ICT in the process of coordination was increasingly recognised which led the development and diffusion of internet.Coming from a family business of garments manufacturing, for me I understood perfectly about the boredom the workers experience for constant quantity doing the repetitive work in mass production.Even after the policy of bribe were based according to the amount of ou tput a worker does i.e. reinforcement paid for each item of work they do, the motivation increases but eventually comes down and the element of boredom re-appears.By looking at the guess of the law of Diminishing Marginal Productivity of labour (sometimes called the law of diminishing returns). It states that the increase in output due to units increase in labour working hours will eventually decline.(Jacques, Ian 2006)Which means if a worker is working 10 hours in a day ,His efficiency in the initiative hour will be higher than the 2nd hour. 2nd hour skill of production is more than the 3rd hour. In his last hour that is in the 10th hour his efficiency will be very very low .It may be zero or negative. Which was ostensible in the case of Charlie Chaplin in the MODERN TIMES movie clip, that was seen in the class, when he lost his mind after repetitive working of loooooog hours and his productivity became negativeIn the book Mathematics for Economics and Business by Jacques, Ian gives an exmple In the simplest case output, Q, is assumed to be a function of labour, L, and capital, K. Moreover, in the short run the input K can be assumed to be fixed, so Q is then only a function of one input L. (This is not a valid assumption in the long run and in general Q must be regarded as a function of at least two inputs. Methods for handling this situation are considered in the next chapter.) The variable L is usually measured in terms of the number of workers or possibly in terms of the number of worker hours. We define the marginal product of labour,MPL, bydQ = MPLdL betwixt 0 and L0 the curve bends upwards, becoming progressively steeper, and so the slope function, MPL, increases. Mathematically, this means that the slope of MPL is positive that is,d(MPL ) 0dQNow MPL is itself the derivative of Q with respect to L, so we can use the notation for the second derivative and write this asd2Q- 0dL2Similarly, if L exceeds the threshold value of L0, then cast 4.17 show s that the product curve bends downwards and the slope decreases. In this region, the slope of the slope function is negative, so thatd2QdL2The law of diminishing returns states that this must happen eventually that is,d2QdL2for sufficiently large L.ConclusionTo increase the productivity of a labourer and to reduce the cost of production. Reducing working hours of a shift is necessary.ReferencesAndrew Tylecote and Giovanna Vertova 2004, The Rise and Decline of Fordism and the Sea-Change in the Technological Advantage of Nations www.giovannavertova.it/WP06.pdfbritannica.comhttp//www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/368270/mass-productionBabylon dictionary http//dictionary.babylon.comJacques, Ian 2006, Mathematics for Economics and Business, Pearson Education UK, p. 268-271http//lib.myilibrary.com.ezproxy.lancs.ac.uk/Browse/open.aspID=60204loc=CoverKaplinsky (1984) Fordial Organisation Of manufactory Production, p. 24Perez Coombs. (1983). Structural Change and Assimilation of New Techn ologies in the Economic and Social Systems, Futures, 15(5) 357-375.disruptive technologyIt is a term which Christensen described as a new technology in this book the innovators dilemma by categorizing new technology into 2 categories Sustaining technology incrementing improvements in an existing open technology Disruptive technology new technology, may not be perfect but appealing to a limited audience. Has initially little value and does not create attention among the dominate players in the industry. Disruptive technology usually targets new areas within the current industry with a new approach and could dominate an existing market.I will give 2 examples of disruptive technologies. Firstly, in my technology module, I found cloud computing a very disruptive technology. Its potential value cannot be ignored or denied. There were number of phases involved in the evolution of cloud computing, which include application service provision (ASP) and Software as a Service (SaaS) (Velte et al. 2009). In 2006, Amazon launched a commercial web service called Elastic Compute cloud (EC2) allowing small companies and individuals to renting I.T. theme and computing power to run their own computer applications (LaMonica 2006). Cloud computing service is risk free and Easy to use. One does not have to buy anything or invest hugely into it. The technology is flexible adjusting to the companys requirements and also easily scalable fulfilling the needs of the companys growing demands.Just imagine in an industry where customers, had to pay upfront for a technology for which they may get 20-30% use, could use this cloud computing technology model and pay only for what is used and when it is used. It can be seen that the barriers to the entry of customers, around cost and complexity, are going to come down so dramatically that the cloud is going to open up much more usages of IT for small medium businesses. appear markets can be seen in countries, where just the cost and compl exity have been barriers. Developing countries like Brazil rushing, China, India and beyond are going to end up using the technology in ways they have neer been able to use it before and in ways we have never seen before.The second disruptive technology I found was the Google announcement of Google sailing Map product for FREE, which was one of the innovation searches in our workshops. This product is used by connecting to the internet to Google cloud computing technology providing all the services of a traditional Sat. Nav and much more. By looking at the have a bun in the oven market of Garmin, one of the leading companies of navigation system providers in the GPS industry, we could actually see the market reaction to such a disruptive technology in just a couple of days from announcement, last year, in October 2009. TomTom and other companies are also affected.This product is targeted to price sensitive customers with offering excellent features and capabilities for FREE.With good understanding of the term disruptive innovation and disruptive technology, broadered my view of anticipating whether any new technology, i came accross, will prove disruptive or not.References* Christensen C.M. 1997, The innovators dilemma when new technologies cause great firms to fail, Publisher Harvard Business Press* Gurley B., Google Redefines Disruption The Less Than Free Business Model Online,Available http//abovethecrowd.com/2009/10/29/google-redefines-disruption-the-%E2%80%9Cless-than-free%E2%80%9D-business-model/ Accessed December 1, 2009 * LaMonica M. 2006, Amazon servers, starting at 10 cents an hour Online, Available http//news.cnet.com/Amazon-servers,-starting-at-10-cents-an-hour/2100-1038_3-6109202.html Accessed December 1, 2009 * Velte T., Velte A. and Elsenpeter R. 2009, Cloud Computing A Practical Approach, Publisher McGraw Hill Professionaldisruptive innovationThe term Disruptive innovation is thought up by Clayton Christensen, who describes the term as a pro cess by which a product or service application starts from the bottom of the market and manoeuvres up in the market displacing open competitors. (christensen, 2009)I read an interesting book The innovators guide to growth putting disruptive innovation to work by Scott. It describes the disruptive innovation theory the market consists of customers some of which are at a high end, very demanding, and willing to buy high-performance, expensive products. While others are low end and satisfied with simple and inexpensive products. Customers lives are not changing as fast as most organization or companies are innovating. These fast innovating companies end up producing goods, sustaining innovations, that are too good, too expensive and sometimes too inconvenient for many customers.The disconnect between the capabilities of a product and the customers ability to use them opens up an opportunity for innovators who brings to a market a disruptive innovation that is simple, convenient, acces sible and affordable. Thus, changing the game of the market. The disruptive innovations can be broadly classified into two types new-market and low-end disruptive innovations. The new-market disruptive innovation, which succeeds because they bring previous non-consumers into the market, whereas a lower-end disruptive innovation is aimed at mainstream customers for whom price is more important than quality.Disruptive innovations can be generally be dual-lane into new-market and low-end disruptive innovations. A new-market disruptive innovation is often aimed at non-consumption (i.e., consumers who would not have used the products already on the market), whereas a lower-end disruptive innovation is aimed at mainstream customers for whom price is more important than quality. Low-end disruption has occurred repeatedly in retailing.Disruptive innovation will result in major changes, but they dont often rely on technological breakthroughs. In fact, many times the technologies are quite tr ivial. Its the Business Model the way a company organises and acts that drives disruptions. Taking the example of Wal-Mart, who opened their first discount retailer in 1962, they didnt start to sell goods that are different from their competitors, they created a new way to organize and act that allowed them to make money at low price points. So its not often the technology but is the businesses model.I read about many other models that shows the difference between disruption and sustaining innovation like the personal computer, eBay online model etc. the most interesting one is from the video games industries. Contrast the Sony PlayStation 3 product with the Nintendos Wii product. The PS3 is a technological marvel. The best game play you can find, great graphics, the blue ray disks in the player. It is aimed at the heart core gamers, the most demanding consumers in the games industry. Now Nintendo has innovated in a very different way. Instead of introducing games with better graph ics Nintendo made it simpler, made it more accessible. The big innovation is the controller. Nintendo is consciously targeting the non-gamer and by doing so it has greatly expanded the market for the video games by reaching people that Sony wouldnt even think about targeting. Not winning it by doing it better but by winning it by doing it differently. (Ali Farhoomand, 2009)In the EBIN 504 innovation module understanding of the concept of disruptive innovation helped me understand more how to look at the market or industry to Spot Disruptive Innovation Opportunities which had helped me in my EBIN 503 Business Planning Module where we had a workshop for idea generation for starting a business.I also in thebook The innovators guide to growth I learned that, firstly we had to look for a market or industry where there is some kind of constraint that inhibits consumption where there is something that makes it difficult for people to solve problems in their life. Sometimes they dont have s kills, sometimes they dont have money, and sometimes they cant access the solution and sometimes its just takes too long. Finding one of those barriers to consumption and see how you can obliterate it. Secondly we had to identify where people have important and unsatisfied jobs to be done. Where are problems that a customer faces that they cant adequately solve today. If we can find that frustrated customer and ease their pain we often times have the ticket to disruptive innovation. Then after we have looked for the constraint innovation and targeted that job to be done, then we think thought about how we can play the innovation game differently. With better understanding of the concept of disruptive innovation theory, I understood its not about doing it better, its about making it simpler, cheaper, more accessible, more affordable. That is what disruption is all about. (Scott D. Anthony, 2008)ReferencesAli Farhoomand, H. J. (2009) Nintendos Disruptive Strategy Implications for the Video Game Industry. Feb 10, 2009, Harvard business publishing. http//harvardbusiness.org/product/nintendo-s-disruptive-strategy-implications-for-th/an/HKU814-PDF-ENGChristensen, C. (2009) Disruptive Innovation. http//www.claytonchristensen.com/disruptive_innovation.htmlJohn Bessant, J. T. (2007) Innovation and entrepreneurship John Wiley and Sons, p. 229-34, 247Scott D. Anthony, M. W. J., Joseph V. Sinfield, Elizabeth J. Altman (2008) The innovators guide to growth putting disruptive innovation to work, Harvard Business PressPLATFORM INNOVATIONPlatform in simple words means pictures of major subsystems and interfaces between these subsystems. The platform innovation is specify as one that leads to the practical application of fundamental innovations. Such innovations unremarkably are launching pads for a new industryI read a journal Platform-Innovation drive enterprise growth. It was very fascinating to see how Platform thinking for physical products played an important role in t he companys transformation of its traditional mainframe business to a Web server business. Also product platforms require accurate operational definition without which its difficult to achieve progress, but many organizations are lacking in applying this definition. New product strategy must be remodeled to capture the degree to which common architectures and subsystems will be leveraged across existing and new market applications, as well as the timing of product introductions. (Marc H Meyer ad el. 2001)In the EBIN-521 e-Technology module I have learned that the Internet has evolved from web 1.0 to and Web 2.0 to become an increasingly important platform not just for economic development, communication, educational purposes, and as an area for entertainment, but also as a place for those who wish to express their opinions and ideas freely and is now considered web as a platform which doesnt have a hard boundary go for 1 shows a meme map of Web 2.0 that was developed at a brainstorm ing session during FOO Camp, a conference at OReilly Media. Its very much a work in progress, but shows the many ideas that radiate out from the Web 2.0 core. (Tim OReilly 2005)from the above figureabovewe can have an idea of Web as a platform.Web 2.0 can be conceived as blocks of principles and practices that are interconnected system of sites, where software and web applications are built upon the Web as contrasted to upon the desktop. The uniqueness of web 2.0 is customers are building your business for you. (Tim OReilly 2005)Everything is platform in web 2.0 era. I found this comic very interesting.In the EBIN-521 e-Technology module and EBIN-503 Business Planning Finance Planning we are going to plan to have an open API (application programming interface) as part of our e-business. Open API is a platform innovation concept, where other developers uses Open API to come up with a new combination for an innovation, which leads to more innovation. Application Programming Interfac e (API) is an interface that a software program implements in order to allow other software to interact with it much in the same way that software might implement a user interface in order to allow humans to interact with it. (Wikipedia cited on Nov 2009).For example In phratry 2009 programmableweb.com announced that ithad 16 new Mashups in their Mashup Directory and 28 different APIs were used to build them in different combination (programmableweb.com 2009). At the website link provided below in the reference shows a list of API used in different meshupsAn an exampleof a web ping.fm (http//ping.fm/)It is a web application for Managing Social Networks. It is linked with 46 social websites like Twitter, Facebook, myspace,blogger, beboetc. You can create an account with ping.fm and link it to any social websitefrom the list of 46. And if you want to post something like any news or update you can just post once on ping.fm and it will posted to you all the LINKED services you added to your ping.fm account. Now pink.fm provides OPEN API. Byusing their opi functionality any web-developer or business organization can build their businessIn our business plan, we will be having an OPEN DATA API and TRANSACTION API in our eBusiness as a open platform for other developers build or develop their web-application or software , accordingly building their business using our platform or in other words building our business for usReferenceMake platform innovation drive enterprise growth By Marc H Meyer, capital of Minnesota C Mugge, Publication title Research Technology Management. Arlington Jan/Feb 2001. Vol. 44, Iss. 1 pg. 25, 15 pgsWikipedia.org http//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Application_programming_interfacecite_note-0John Musser 2009 28 APIs Used This Week Open Government, Wikipedia, New York Times, and Football Nerds http//blog.programmableweb.com/2009/10/04/28-apis-used-this-week-open-government-wikipedia-new-york-times-and-football-nerds/Realinnovation- 2008 http//www. realinnovation.com/dictionary/Platform_Innovation-312.htmdilbert.com 2007 http//www.dilbert.com/fast/2007-09-09/Tim OReilly Design Patterns and Business Models for the bordering Generation of Software 2005 http//oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.htmlunderstanding Dominant DesignDominant Designa product configuration which endures a particular combination of product features which appears to satisfy the market and survives, without major change, for some time. (Don Bradmore 2004)Often in dominant design route there are many competitors involved each one introducing many products with special features but the firm that are able to imitate the dominant design survive while those that cannot fail. The design typically remains a standard product model for many years during which firms compete on lowering costs through process innovations. In the technology industry number of alternative design are often introduced by firms e.g. Microsoft Windows, Apple Inc. Mac OS and IBM OS2) . Updated designs are introduced later incorporating incremental improvements. After sometime the architecture that becomes most accepted as the industry standard may emerge e.g. Microsoft Windows. Dominant designs might not be better than other designs in the market place however they fulfil the key requirements. Many technologies, currently in use, struggled with similar competing products before gaining the dominant design.According to Markides and Geroski (2005) until the standard is emerging consumers are affected by issues